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Atomic Number

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The # of protons in an atom

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Mass Number

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Total # of both protons and neutrons

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Element

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Pure substance consisting of only atoms with the same atomic #.

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Electron Cloud

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Electrons whirl around the nucleus in an area known as the...

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Isotopes

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Atoms whose nuclei contains the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

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Atomic Mass

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Actual mass of an atom of a specific isotope.

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Atomic Weight

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An average of the different atomic masses and proportions of its different isotopes

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Principal Elements of the Human Body

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Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Sulfur, Iron, Iodine

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Valence Shell

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Outer most energy shell level forms the "surface" of the atom.

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Inert

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Elements that do not readily participate in chemical processes

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Reactive Atoms

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Elements with unfilled outermost energy levels; readily interact or combine with other atoms. Become stable by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to fill their outermost energy level.

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Ions

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When atoms gain or lose , they are no longer electrically neutral

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Positive Ion or Cation

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Atom which loses electrons from the outer energy level and has more protons than electrons. Atom has a net positive charge

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Anion

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Filled their outer energy level with electrons obtained from other atoms. This also creates an atom that is no longer electrically neutral; has more electrons than protons. The atom now has a net negative charge.

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Chemical Bonds

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Interactions that stabilize the outer energy level of atoms; These bonds hold the participating atoms together when the reaction has ended.

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Compound

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Is a chemical substance made up of atoms of 2 or more different elements in a fixed proportion, regardless of the type of bond joining them.

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Ionic Bonds

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Chemical bonds created by electrical attraction between cations( Positive Ions) and anions (Negative Ions). This formations involves the transfer of one or more electrons from an atom that can gain them to achieve stability.

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Covalent Bonds

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Can complete their outer electron shells not by gaining or losing electron, but by sharing electrons with other atoms.

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Molecule

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A chemical structure consisting of atoms of one or more elements held together by covalent bonds.

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Single Covalent Bonds

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When 2 Hydrogen atoms share their electrons, each electron whirls around both nuclei. The sharing of one pair of electrons creates a...

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Double Covalent Bonds

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An oxygen atom has 6 electrons in its outer energy level. By sharing 2 pairs of electrons it forms a..

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Non polar Bonds

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a type of bond that occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other. These shared electrons glue two or more atoms together to form a...

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Polar Covalent Bonds

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a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms.

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Hydrogen Bond

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Small positive charges on the hydrogen atoms of one polar molecule can be attracted to the negative charges on another polar molecule, and this can change the shapes of the molecules or pull adjacent molecules together. This weak attractive force is called.

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Surface Tension

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At the water surface, the hydrogen bonds between water molecules slow the rate of evaporation and form what is known as..

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Chemical Reaction

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New chemical bonds form between atoms, or existing bonds between atoms are broken.

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Reactants

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A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.

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Products

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Substances that are formed during the chemical reaction.

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Metabolism

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The reactions underway in the cells and tissues of the body at any given moment make up its..

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Work

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The movement of an object or a change in the physical structure of matter.

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Energy

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The capacity to preform work, can't do physical change or movement without it.

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Kinetic Energy

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Energy of motion, can be transferred to another object to do work.

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Potential Energy

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Stored Energy, energy that has the potential(capability) to do work.

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Chemical Notation

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Allows us to describe complex events briefly and precisely. It is relatively easy to use chemical notation to calculate the weights of the reactants involved in a particular reaction.

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Mole

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Is a quantity with a weight in grams equal to an elements atomic weight

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Decomposition Reaction

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Breaks a molecule into smaller fragments. Occurs outside of cells as well as in them.

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Hydrolysis

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The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. One of the bonds in a complex molecule is broken, components of a water molecule is added.

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Catabolisim

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The decomposition reactions of a complex molecule within the body cells and tissues. When a covalent bond- a form of potential energy- is broken, it releases kinetic energy that can perform work. By harnessing the energy released in this way, cells carry out vital functions such as growth, movement, and reproduction.

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Synthesis

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Opposite of Decomposition. This reaction assembles smaller molecules in larger molecules. This reaction mat involve combining atoms or molecules to form even larger product. Always forms new chemical bonds, whether reactants are atoms or molecules.

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Dehydration Synthesis

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Or known as condensation reaction, forms a complex molecule by removing a water molecule. Opposite of hydrolysis.

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Anabolism

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Synthesis of new molecules within the body cells and tissues. Usually considered an "Uphill" process because it takes energy to create a chemical bond.

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Exchange Reaction

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Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products.

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Enzymes

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Used to preform most of the complex synthesis and decomposition reactions in your body.

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Catalysts

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Compounds that speed up chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed.

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Metabolic Pathway

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The complex reactions that support life process in a series of interlocking steps, each controlled by a specific enzyme

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Important Properties of Water

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Lubrication, Chemical Reactant, High Heat Capacity, Solubility.

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Solubility, Solute, Solvent, Solute, Solvent

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______ is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called a _____to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous _____ to form a solution of the ____ in the ______.

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Electrolytes

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Soluble inorganic substances whose ions will conduct an electrical current in a solution

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Colloid

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Solution containing dispersed proteins or other large molecules

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Suspension

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Contains large particles in solution, but if undisturbed, its particles will settle out of solution due to the force of gravity.

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A hydrogen atom involved in a chemical bond or participating in a chemical reaction can easily lose its electron to become a

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Hydrogen Ion, H+

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a few hydrogen ions are normally present even in a sample of pure water, because some of the water molecules dissociated spontaneously, releasing a hydrogen ion, H+ and a____

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Hydroxide ion, OH-

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PH

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Is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution. It is the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the activity of the hydrogen ion.

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PH Below 7

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Is acidic, meaning that it contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions.

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Normal Blood Ph

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Solution with a PH of 7.35-7.45

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PH Above 7

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Is basic or alkaline. Meaning that is as more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions

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Acidosis

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Abnormal physiological state caused by low blood PH. A ph below 7 can produce a coma.

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Alkalosis

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Results from abnormal high ph. A Blood ph above 7.8 generally causes uncontrollable sustained skeletal muscle contractions.

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Acid

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Is any solute that dissociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions, thereby lowering the ph.

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Base

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Is a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution and thereby acts as a protein acceptor.

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Salts

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Ionic compound consisting of any cation except a hydrogen ion and any anion except a hydroxide ion.

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Buffer

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Compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions.

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Organic Compounds

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Always contain the elements hydrogen, carbon, and generally oxygen as well. Is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon.

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Functional Groups

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A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound.

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Carbohydrate

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Organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio new 1:2:1 Ex: Sugars and Starches

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Monosaccharides

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A simple sugar, is a carbohydrate containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms. Ex: Glucose and Frutose

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Disaccharides

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Two monosaccharides joined together, Sweet taste like monosaccharides. Are quite soluble in water. Ex: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

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Polysaccharides

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More complex carbohydrates result when repeated dehydration synthesis reactions add additional monosaccharides or disaccharides Ex: Glyogen

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Lipids

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Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and the carbon-to-hydrogen. any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids.

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Fatty Acids

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Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached.

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Unsaturated Fatty Acid

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One or more of the single covalent bonds between carbon atoms has been replaced by a double covalent bond.

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Glycerol, Glyceride

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Individual fatty acids cannot be strung together in a chain by dehydration synthesis. But they can be attached to another compound,__________, through a similar reaction. The result lipid known as a __________

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Steroids

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Large lipid molecules that share a distinctive carbon ring frame work. The differ in the functional groups that are attached to the basic ring structure. Ex: Cholestrol, Testosterone, Estrogen

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Phospholipids

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a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule.

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Proteins

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Most abundant organic components of the human body and in many ways are the most important.

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Amino Acids

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Proteins consist of long chains of molecules. 20 of these are used as building blocks of proteins on the human body. All contain carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen.

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Denaturation

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As temperature rise, protein shape changed and enzyme function deteriorates. Makes it non functional or dead.

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Substrates

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The reactants in enzymatic reactions.

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ATP

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Energy in an atom

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ADP

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Formed when the energy from ATP gets broken down.

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Nucleic Acid

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Large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and oxygen. Primary role is to store and transfer information. 2 classes of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA

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