Medieval History Chapter 4 – Flashcards
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What is the train of events that destabilized Rome in the late fourth and fifth centuries?
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The Germanic tribes invaded from the North and West, the Huns attacked from the East, Ostrogoths and Lombards moved into Italy, and Byzantine Empire couldn't help because they had problems of their own.
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Battle of Adrianople
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Goths defeat Rome led to the sack of Rome in Turkey
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aftermath of Battle of Adrianople
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The battle ended with an overwhelming victory for the Goths and the death of Emperor Valens. From this point on, the Germanic tribes proved that they could beat Rome, and they never fully dominated again. This was the beginning of the end of Roman Empire.
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Clothilde
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Burgundian princess who became the wife of Clovis. She was a Roman Catholic.
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What did Clothilde believe and how did it affect the history of Western Europe?
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She was a christian. This was significant, because it meant that Clovis and therefore the rest of the Franks were now Roman Catholic. This allied him with Rome and made him an enemy of the Germanic Tribes, because they were Arians.
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Clovis
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a great Frankish conqueror and founder of the Merovingian Dynasty. Married Clothilde and became a Roman Catholic.
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What was wrong with the members of the Merovingian Dynasty and what effect did it have?
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The problems were that the king would have his land divided equally amongst his sons, which splintered the kingdom. They quarreled amongst each other and also were weak. This earned them the nickname "the do-nothing kings."
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Charles Martel
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a mayor of the palace. Most important Carolingian mayor. Rued from 714-741.
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What were the major accomplishments of Charles Martel?
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He was the mayor of the palace of the Franks. He stopped the advancement of the Arabs at the battle of Tours in 732. He also established an efficient and reliable cavalry.
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Ostrogoths
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...gemanic tribe
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Attila the Hun
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huns leader.
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Odoacer
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leader of the Ostrogoths. Overthrew the last of the Roman emperors in the west.
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Theodoric
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son of Odoacer. educated in Constantinople. had a great respect for Greco-Roman civilization.
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Arian Heresy
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The Visigoths were Arian, so Clovis became an automatic enemy of theirs when he became Roman Catholic.
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Valens
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emperor of the Romans who allowed the Visigoths to enter the empire in 376, overcharged them, then was defeated and killed by them at the battle of Adrianople in 378
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Visigoths
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an Arian Germanic tribe defeated by Clovis in 507
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Alaric
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...the leader of the visigoths. He sacked rome in 410
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Battle of Chalons
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the battle at which the Germanic tribes fought and defeated the Huns to stop their advance into Gaul (in 451).
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Salian Laws
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codified laws of the Germanic tribes. created by Clovis in order to try and make uniform the system of government for all of the peoples he ruled.
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Childeric (King Childeric III)
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He was the king who Pepin overthrew
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Pepin
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Charles Martels son. He was the mayor of the palace, and he plotted to overthrow the king, and he succeeded. He also gave the papal donation. This was after he defeated the lombards.
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Donation of Pepin
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This was when Pepin gave the Pope a strip of land, that he had taken from the lombards.
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What is the long-term significance of the land that Pepin the Short conquered and gave to the pope?
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it was known as the papal states, and was ruled over by the pope, until the 19th century.
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Charlemagne
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expanded the frankish empire significantly. Was very popular among the people and the church. Made the empire into 300 counties and assigned an arch - bishop and a duke to each one. Created lots of schools
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Explain Charlemagne's mixed reaction to being named "Emperor of the Romans" on Christmas Day, 800.
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he had mixed reactions, because while he was honored and happy that he was being crowned the emperor of Rome, he was also mad, because if the pope could make him emperor, that meant that the pope could also take it away.
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Charlemagne's territory at his death
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the majority of France, a small portion of spain, about half of Italy, All of Germany, and parts of Corsica
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Pope Leo III
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crowned Charlemagne Emperor of Rome in exchange for his protection.
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Carolingian Renaissance
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when Charlemagne made schools.
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lower and upper case
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Lower case was created by the monks who transcribed the latin books. Upper case was from the Romans.
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Aachen
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The capital city of Charlemagne
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pious
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holy
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Characterize the reign of Louis the Pious.
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A weak ruler, who lost almost everything Charlemagne had built. He was (unfortunately) Charlemagne son. He was called Louis the Pious because he was overly religious and neglected his Emperor duties in order to pray.
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Lothair
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The eldest son of Louis the Pious. Inherited the title of emperor of the Franks.
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Louis the German (and his kingdom)
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him and his brother swore an oath to work together, and overthrow their brother Lothar. Ruled East of the Rhine river.
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Charles the Bald (and his kingdom)
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him and his brother swore an oath to work together, and overthrow their brother Lothar. Ruled West of the Rhine river.
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Strasbourg Oath
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Charles the Bald and his brother Louis the German, swore to work together, in order to overthrow their other brother Lothar.
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Why is the Strasbourg Oath historically significant? What does it helps us see is becoming of Charlemagne's vast empire?
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It signifies the beginning of the end for the Frankish empire in Europe. It also solidifies the difference between germany in the east and france in the west.
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Why is "Lothair's kingdom" (Lotharii Regnum) historically important?
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because it was separating france and germany. It was fought over for a long time
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Hugh Capet
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the Count of Paris
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pontiff
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the pope
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Spanish march
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The border kingdom made by Emperor Charlemagne in Spain
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Viking
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Derived from the norse word for inlet and or battle
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A furore Normanorum libera nos, domine.
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From the furry of the Norsemen oh lord delivery. This was the prayer that the villagers would say, begging god to save them from the vikings wrath.
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primogeniture
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Where the eldest son inherited all of their fathers wealth, leaving the younger kids to become poor, and possibly turn to the profession of being a viking.
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What design features suited the Viking long ships for raiding and exploring?
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It only needed about 3 feet of water, to sail. This was good because it allowed the vikings to put their ships in very shallow water. They were propelled by sails, and long oars.This allowed them to move, even if there was no wind. They could hold 100 men, but they only needed fifteen to sail the ship. Light enough to be carried easily, but strong enough to withstand the open ocean.
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What is the involvement of Vikings in the history of medieval Britain? (Be specific)
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They attacked briton, in the ninth century. So in 886 Alfred the great made treaty with the viking king Guthrem giving him control of northeastern Briton. In 1016, Canute who was Danish, became king of England. 1066 William of Normandy, who was a dependent of the vikings, took the throne of Enland.
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Alfred the Great
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The king Wessex, who gave Guthrum the Danelaw.
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Guthrum
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He defeated Alfred the Great, and took over notheastern Briton this was then called the Danelaw.
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Danelaw
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The Danelaw was the region in northeastern europe, in which the Danish controlled.
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What is the involvement of Vikings in the history of medieval France? (Be specific)
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In 885, 700 ships sailed up the Seine and sieged Paris. The vikings kept raiding towns in the North of France. Rollo converted Christianity --> Northman --> Normandy
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Count Odo
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Ruler of Paris Left to get help Killed vikings on his return
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Charles the Simple
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descendent of Charlemagne ceded to North France to Viking leader Rollo "Northman" --> Normandy
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Rollo
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Viking leader in Northern France who converted Christianity
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What is the involvement of Vikings in the history of medieval Russia? (Be specific)
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The vikings sailed into present - day Russia. While they were there, they dominated the slavic people who populated Russia at the time. They set up there capital at Kiev, and attacked Constantinople, and attempted to take over the Byzantines. The vikings didn't succeed in taking over, but the emperor was so impressed by their fighting skills, that he hired them as mercenaries.
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Eric the Red
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Discovered Greenland
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Leif Ericson
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Discovered America, and settled there for about two years until the eskimos drove him out.
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sagas
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These were long narrative epic viking poems these poems memorialized the events of the past.
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runic
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This was the vikings script.
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women in Viking society
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the fought just like men and were treated equally.
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Vinland
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North America
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Thor
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the guardian of humans and the other gods.
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Odin
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The god of wisdom and war
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Frey
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The goddess of fertility.
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Valhalla
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viking heaven
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Valkyries
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The handmaidens of the gods, who took the slain warriors to Valhalla.
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Varangians
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The name for the vikings who settled in Kiev.
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Viking burial
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They put the body on a boat, and then lit the boat aflame, and with the body, they put in all of their possessions.
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Wednesday
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Wodensday
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Think of the Christian/Jewish/Muslim view of heaven. Now think of the Viking ideas about the afterlife. What can you conclude about the character of the Vikings?
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The vikings idea of heaven, was to fight all day and drink all night opposed to the Jewish, Muslim, and Christian view of heaven, which is to live in peace. This shows that the vikings were much more warlike then the other religions.
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What was the extent of Muslim-controlled territory in Europe in the year 900?
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In the year 900, the Muslims had taken control of the middle east, much of Spain, Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia.
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Saracens
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The name given to the Muslim invaders.
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What did the Muslims do in Italy in the 9th and 10th centuries?
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The Muslims raided lots of towns and monasteries, but most importantly they destroyed the monastery founded by St. Benedict, at Monte Cassino. They also besieged Rome, and plundered the cathedrals of St. Paul and St. Peter.
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Cluny
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The monastery in which the moslems captured.
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How did the conquest of Sicily happen? Who reconquered it?
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The muslims first conquered Sicily, and turned Palermo into a thriving city. Roger, who was a norman reconquered it.
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Roger
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he was a Norman, and a descendent of the great people (vikings). Roger ruled Sicily, but left much of the muslim culture in place. Appointed Muslims into high government positions.
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What historical events account for the distinctive culture of Sicily?
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The muslims conquest of it
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Magyars
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Most likely came from the ural mountains, and central Asia. They eventually settled down in Hungary
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What is the significance of the stirrup?
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Invented either in China or India, and allowed the rider to shoot arrows in any direction. This was extremely important for the Magyars, who did much of their fighting on horseback.
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Otto the Great
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Destroyed the wannabe vikings (the Magyars). He met them at Lechfeld in 995 and absolutely demolished the wannabe vikings.
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Lechfeld
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The place in which Otto the Great defeated the wannabe vikings.
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What happened because of and to the Magyars in the hundred years after 860?
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They were ruthless invaders from the east, and continued their invasion until they were defeated at Lechfeld, and were then pushed back into what is now called Hungary. Left a path of destruction behind them.
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knights
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Mounted horseman, whose job it was to resist the muslim invaders.
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monte cassino
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the location of the monastery founded by St. Benedict.
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attack on St. Peter's
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Was raided by the muslims outside of Rome.
