Medieval History Midterm Answers – Flashcards
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Ali (7)
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Last caliphate, assassinated in 661.
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Berber Tribes (7)
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native north african tribes.
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Visigoths (7)
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pushed into Spain by Clovis. Issue: only a few of them and thousands of Hispano-Romans who were Nicene Christians while the Visigoths were Arian Christians. Each sees the other as heretical. Successful in est. common law & abolish laws on intermarriage; but unable to come together in religion.
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Leovigild (r.568-586) (7)
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persecutes Nicene Christians.
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Reccared (r.586-601) (7)
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son of Leovigild and converts to Nicene Christianity in 587 which is formalized at the Council of Toledo. Denounces the Jewish faith and Arian Christians as well. calls the king holy- it is a sacral office.
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Gothic Sickness (7)
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Idea that the succession could not be kept alive.
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Musa ibn Nusayr (c.640-716) (7)
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Muslim governor of North Africa that tells his officer to go on recon mission to gain info on if they could claim Spain.
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Tariq ibn Zayad (7)
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the officer sent on the recon mission into Spain; helps the muslim governor claim easily Spain for the Muslims.
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al-kitab (7)
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"people of the book." Jews and Christians; protected minorities to Islam. -have to pay a tax and can't publicly shame Muhammed.
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jizya (7)
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tax paid by the al-kitab to the Muslims.
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Boudicca (8)
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native queen that raises rebellion against the Romans, but fails.
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Hadrian's Wall (8)
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built to protect those people in the south from the people in the north.
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Constantine III (8)
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military commander who proclaimed himself emperor that said the were leaving in 407AD, had all the troops move out.
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Romano-Britons (8)
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the people left behind when Constantine III leaves. appeal to Emperor Honorius when the Germanic tribes begin to arrive.
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Heptarchy (8)
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Kingdoms of Britain that were split into: East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex and Wessex. All with their own language and different peoples.
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Hangus and Horsa (8)
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Brothers and leaders of the first Anglo-Saxons that fought for king Vortigern against the Picts(Scots).
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Sutton Hoo (8)
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site of massive ship burial.
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North (The Celtics) (8)
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north of Britain evangelized by monks from Ireland. St.Patrick is an example of this. new handwriting developed.
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South (Roman) (8)
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south of Britain evangelized by emissaries sent by the Pope from Rome.
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Whitby Abbey (8)
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Representatives from both forms of Christianity come to see which will be chosen and accepted as the main form of Christianity. King picks Roman due to ties to the pope and Peter's line.
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King/Noble Relationship (9)
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kings up = nobles down kings down = nobles up
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The Carolingians (cont.) (9)
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noble family that begins to rule Austsrasia; that begins to benefit from the weaker Merovingian kings.
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Pepin of Herstal (9)
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becomes mayor of the palace; office under the king. Charles Martel's father. CAROLINGIAN.
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Charles Martel (9)
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halted the expansion of Islam at the Battle of Tours in 732. CAROLINGIAN. can now claim to be protectors of Christianity. Patronizes "Boniface".
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Wynfrid "Boniface" of Wessex (c.675-754) (9)
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wanting to convert Germans to Christianity, cuts down oak tree that is sacred to their god Thor and so he is killed and martyred. Protection to missionaries.
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Lombards (9)
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Long haired people in Northern Italy.
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Pepin the Short (r.754-768) (9)
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Becomes the first king in the Carolingians. cuts the hair of the last Merovingian king as a sign of the end of their dynasty. FIRST KING OF THE FRANKS.
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Franco- Papal Alliance (9)
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Made between the Pope and Pepin. pope nervous about the Lombards and Pepin becomes king of the Franks.
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Charlemagne (r.768-814) (9)
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son of Pepin the Short. King of the Franks and ends life as Roman Emperor as well. uses image of King David to be a Warrior King and also a Christian Holy King. Renovation and Renewal of the Roman Empire with his crowning in 800 as emperor. keeps people loyal by dividing the booty. wanted to make sure his people were worshipping correctly.
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Duces (10)
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the dukes who ruled the outliers in certain areas.
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Carolingian Renaissance (10)
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intellectual rebirth with a religious bend under Charlemagne's reign. great intentions but not fully carried out.
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Alacaquin of York (10)
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scholar that helps Charlemagne advocate that he is like David; Charlemagne wants to be seen as a holy leader.
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Louis the Pius (r.814-840) (10)
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successor to Charlemagne, his only son that doesn't die before him. Charlemagne crowns his son instead of the pope. portrays himself as pious king. his nephew ruling in Italy starts rebellion and is put down, penalty is death but Louis being pious says blinding but it goes wrong and his nephew dies. goes through public penance.
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Field of Lies (10)
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Louis' sons mad due to the carving out of their own territory for his new son so they depose him at this battle- civil war with all his sons. at Louis' death in 840- sons split the kingdom in 3.
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Treaty of Verdun (10)
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the formal splitting by Louis the Pious' sons into the three kingdoms of: East Francia, West Francia, and Lotharingia.
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Viking Social Class (11)
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slave-thrall jarl- chieftain thing- assembly
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The Vikings (11)
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speak old norse, polytheists, own language, loyalty to their chieftain. travel by boat. go from the idea of raiding to the idea of settling. first to go to North America.
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The Great Heathen Army (865) (11)
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Leaders brothers: Halfdan Ragnarrson & Ivar the Boneless Ragnarrson. purpose: CONQUEST.
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Wessex (11)
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only kingdom of the heptarchy that is left standing after The Great Heathen Army.
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Charles the Simple (r.893-922) (11)
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King that makes an agreement with Rollo- give you land if you swear allegiance and agree to protect the Seine from other Vikings.
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Rollo (c.862-932) (11)
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makes agreement with Charles the Simple to protect the Seine. becomes the first Duke of Normandy.
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Ethelwulf (r.839-856) (12)
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King of Wessex- succession only by his sons: doesn't want a child king or regency to take place.
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Alfred the Great (r.871-899) (12)
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Ethelwulf's 5th son that takes the throne; tormented by physical ailments and thinks of himself as bad Christian. fights 8 battles in his first year. first person to use Anglican, could be called the King of England.
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Battle of Edington (878) (12)
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Alfred meets Guthrum and is victorious against the Vikings; giving him the upper hand in peace negations.
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Guthrum/Aethelstan (12)
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leader of the vikings against Alfred the Great. once he loses in the Battle of Edington he converts to Christianity and is baptized Aethelstan.
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The Danelaw (12)
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land where the Vikings are; speak their own language.
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Burhs (12)
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Alfred founds these notifications that are within a one days ride, meant to protect against the Vikings in the Danelaw.
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King Conrad I of East Frankia (r.911-918) (12)
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duces have the option to pick a weak king or stronger king and they pick the weaker one, Conrad who can't do anything and can't defeat the Magyars.
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Henry the Fowler (12)
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The Duke of Saxony. the duces then pick the stronger option when Conrad can't accomplish anything.
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Otto I (r.936-973) (12)
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son of Henry the Fowler; rid the land of the Magyars. King of Germany. crowned the Holy Roman Emperor . 962 BEGINNING OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE.
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Heraclius I (r.610-641) (13)
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dealt with the resist of Islam.
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Leo III (r.717-741) (13)
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Isaurain dynasty. questions christianity is the true religion then why is islam so successful? blames the worship of icons, Christians fallen into idolatry.
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Iconoclastic Controversy (13)
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PHASE 1: icons are banned. PHASE 2: the destruction of icons.
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Constantine V (13)
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Leo's son and successor doubles down on his father's rulings. actionable heresy punished by beatings/exile/tattoos/jai/etc.
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Monk John of Damascus (c.675-749) (13)
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proclaims that people know that the images aren't really Christ, rather the images and icons are a way of honoring Christ.
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Theodora (r.815-867) (13)
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serves as regent and puts an end to the Iconoclastic Controversy. victory of the orthodox over heresy.
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Schism (1054) (13)
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the permanent split between the Greek and Latin Christians. believe different things, this schism continues into the present day.
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Shi'ites (13)
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believe that the succession of Muhammed went awry after the assassination of Ali.
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Abbassid Caliphate (13)
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begins with the end of the Umayyad Caliphate. capital is Baghdad.
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Otto II (r.973-983) (14)
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Otto the Great (I)'s son and successor. wants Poland and through marriage alliance to Theophano (c.956-991) who is a Byzantine princess gain more land.
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Otto III (r.983-1002) (14)
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son of Otto II and Theophano. reestablishes the idea of Rome, wants to look like a Roman. names his tutor Sylvester II after Constantine's tutor Sylvester.
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Sylvester II (r.999-1003) (14)
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tutor to Otto III, named after Constantine's tutor Sylvester I.
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Cyril (c.826-869) & Methodius (c.815-884) (14)
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sent by Byzantine emperor to Bulgaria as missionaries to the unbaptized Slavs.
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Khan Boris I (r.852-889) (14)
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baptized Greek Christian, but before that he plays both greek/latin against each other to make sure that Bulgaria has the best political situation.
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Hugh Capet (r.987-996) (15)
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new royal dynasty started (Capetian Dynasty) after Carolingians die out. kings aren't powerful when he comes to power.
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The Three Orders (15)
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ideal of monks that society broken up into three: -those who fight: bellatores = noblemen. -those who pray: oratores = monks. -those who work: laboratores = everyone else. Reciprocal relationship; all need each other- everyone does for one another.
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William the Pious/Duke of Aquitaine (r.893-918) (15)
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gave money to Benedictine monks to build Cluny if they spent all day praying for family and himself.
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Aethelwed the Unready (r.979-1013) & (r.1014-1016) (16)
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decides to massacre all the Danes living in England, driven out of England by Forkbeard.
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Sweyn Forkbeard/King of Denmark (r.985-1014) (16)
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drives Aethelwed out of England when he kills all of the Danes living in England.
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Canute (16)
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son of Forkbeard and fights for the throne against Aethelwed when he tries to come back. King of the North Sea Empire- England/Denmark/Norway. marries former wife of Aethelwed- Emma of Normandy.
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Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066) (16)
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becomes king and comes from Normandy bringing with him Normans. not well liked. dies without any heirs- who will be king now?
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Witangemont (16)
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group of aristocrats that pick the next king after Edward the Confessor dies leaving behind no heirs to the throne.
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William I (16)
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feudalizes England and begins the construction of the White Tower in the Tower of London.
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Investiture (17)
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secular authority choosing bishops to be bishops in the realm & investing in him the staff and the token of the bishop.
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Simony (17)
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the buying and selling of church offices.
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Nicholas II (r.1059-1061) (17)
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pope that says that a pope should be chosen by their own, not by an authority.
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College of Cardinals (17)
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established as special clerics to permanently centralize power in the church.
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Conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV (17)
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Henry not in favor of reform and didn't want to give up his sacred over as emperor. Gregory deposed and Henry excommunicated. Henry chooses Bishop of Rome. Gregory says Henry can't perform sacraments so the lowest priest has more sacral power than Henry. Henry appoints an anti-pope.
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Matilda of Tuscany (17)
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the mediator of the conversation between Gregory and Henry in Italy. Henry kneels in the snow for three days and then is released of his excommunication.
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Matilda (c.1102-1167) (18)
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makes claim for the thrones but can't because she is a woman- her cousin Stephen and her fight in civil war. her son Geoffrey will succeed Stephen.
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Steven (18)
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cousin of Matilda, fights in civil war- he gets the throne but Matilda's son succeeds him.
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Treaty of Winchester (18)
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ends the civil war between Matilda and Steven- Steven will finish his reign and Matilda's son will succeed him.
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Geoffrey V Count of Anjou/ Henry II (r.1154-1189) (18)
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Duke of Normandy/King of England/Duke of Anjou. Beginning of the Angevin Empire. tears down castles to thwart noble power.
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Eleanor of Aquitaine (c.1122-1204) (18)
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wife of Henry II, but before that wife to King of France (goes on crusade with him and affair with her uncle so the marriage is then annulled). most beautiful woman in Europe, Duchess of Aquitaine so has a lot of land to her name).
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John of Salisbury (c.1115-1180) (18)
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book: Policratius in 1159- what is a good king? beacon of justice and happy subjects.
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Thomas Beckett (18)
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Henry's chancellor then named the Archbishop pf Canterbury (the head of the Church in England). argue with Henry over power between church and state. murdered in 1170.
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Richard the I, The Lionheart (18)
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succeeds his father, Henry II. spends almost no time in England. known best for his part in the third crusade.
