Specific characteristics of specific microbes – Flashcards
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| PHYLUM Chrenarchaeota |
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| closely resembles archaeon ancestor thermophiles/hyperthermophiles includes genus: Sulfolobus includes genus: Thermoproteus |
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| Genus: Sulfolobus |
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| thermoacidophiles aerobes chemolithotrophs that oxidize sulfur found in hot springs & soil |
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| Genus: Thermoproteus |
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| thermoacidophiles strict anaerobes chemoorganoautotrophs or chemolithoautotrophs oxidize glucose during anaerobic resp. uses SULFUR as final electron acceptor found in hot, aquatic habitats |
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| PHYLUM Euryarchaeota |
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| display a variety of metabolic patterns and found in many different environments 5 major physiologic groups including: Methanogens Halobacteria |
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| The Methanogens (phylum euryarchaeota) |
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| Include all archaea that generate CH4: methanogenesis Largest group of archaea Strict anaerobes Have unique electron carriers Use CO2 as e- acceptor (reduced to CH4) Varied shapes, cell membranes, cell wall found in sewage, GI tracts, places with lots of organic matter and low O2 Could be a potential source of fuel: CH4 CH4 + IR radiation = greenhouse gas |
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| The Halobacteria (phylum Euryarchaeota) |
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| Archaea (not bacteria) Live in high salt concentration >8% Can grow in up to 36% NaCl Some are alkalophilic rods, cocci, pyramids cell wall = glycoprotein-needs salt (-) charges on wall shielded by Na+ Concentrates K+ inside cell (pi balance) needs high K+ for enzymes & ribosomes Aerobic chemoheterotrophs Need lots of growth factors Have: Rhodopsin, Halorhodopsin, & 2 sensory Rhodopsins-control flagella act. (one senses red and one blue) |
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| Bacteriorhodopsin |
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| Light-driven proton pump retinal reacts with 2 amino a's in light intense, low O2 environment Reversibly accepts & donates protons Synthesizes ATP |
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| Halorhodopsin |
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| Transport pump that uses light E fo ion balance (to concentrate Cl-) |
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| Gram-negative nonproteobacteria photosynthesizers |
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| Chlorobium Chloroflexus Cyanobacteria Planctomyces Chlamydia Spirochetes (treponema pallidum;borrelia burgdorferi) Bacteriodes |
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| gram-negative nonproteobacteria (non-photosynthesizers) |
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| Aquifex Thermatoga Deinococcus |
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| Aquifex |
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| relatively primitive oldest branch of bacteria hyperthermophiles aerobic chemolithoautotrophs |
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| Thermatoga |
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| 2nd oldest branch of bacteria hyperthermophiles anaerobic chemoheterotrophs use glycolytic pathway* have an outer sheath-like envelope* |
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| Deinococcus |
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| Have atypical cell walls: stain gram(+) have thick peptidoglycan layer** (no teichoic acid like gram (+)) have outer membrane (like other gram(-)) resistant to desication & radiation able to repair genome after radiation |
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| Chlorobium--Green sulfur bacteria |
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| use anoxygenic (cyclic) PS for ATP (no z pathway) only use exogenous donor for CO2 fixing have chlorosomes* attached to PM to capture light and pass to photosystem |
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| Chloroflexus --Green nonsulfur bacteria |
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| photoheterotroph or chemoheterotroph If using CO2 fixation, uses reverse e- flow have small chlorosomes* thermophilic |
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| Cyanobacteria |
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| highly variable G+C content (35-71%) chloroplast precursor photoautotrophs>Z pathway, chlorophyll a, 2 photosystems phycobilin* acc. pigments: phycocyanin & phycoerythrin |
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| Structures/cell types produced by cyanobacteria |
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| Baeocytes Hormogonia Akinetes Heterocysts Gas vesicles Gliding Motility (slime) |
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| Planctomyces |
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| Lack peptidoglycan in cell wall* have compartmentalized cell walls* have a stock & holdfast for attachment* can lose stock & holdfast, produce a flagella to become motile swarmer cells |
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| Chlamydia |
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| Obligate intracellular parasites (like viruses) No peptidoglycan in cell wall* compensate with sterols in membrane* have an outer membrane may be de-evolving / very small genome |
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| Chlamydia Reproduction |
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| 1)Attachment of EB(infectious) to cell surface, phagocytosis upon attachment 2) EB morphs into RB (not infectious) and replicates by binary fission 3) RB morphs back to EB and cell lyses |
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| Spirochetes |
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| use Endoflagella* w/an axial filament* contain Treponema Pallidum & Borrelia Burgdorferi |
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| Treponema Pallidum |
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| Spirochete Causes syphilis* can't be cultured in lab depends on host (no TCA cycle, ox phos) |
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| Borrelia Burgdorferi |
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| Spirochete causes lyme disease has a linear genome* has at least 17 plasmids that all confer virulence |
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| Bacteroides |
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| very common mixed acid fermentors* live in oral cavities, GI tract, rumen of ruminants 30% of fecal bacteria |
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| Alphaproteobacteria |
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| purple nonsulfur bacteria rickettsia caulobacter rhizobium agrobacterium tumefaciens |
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| purple nonsulfur bacteria |
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| some form cysts do not oxidize sulfur to sulfate can use reverse electron flow perform anoxygenic photosynthesis (1 PS) exist as photoorganoheterotrophs contain bacteriochlorophyll |
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| Rickettsia |
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| closest relative to mitochondria* obligate intracellular pathogens induce phagocytosis -escapes phagosome no glucose needed-uses host TCA intermediates causes typhus & rocky mtn spotted fever* |
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| Pelagibacter |
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| an alphaproteobacteria (gram - proteobact) |
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| Caulobacter |
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| have prostheca*-a stock/extension of cell used for attachment undergoes binary fission with a prostheca have flagella for movement |
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| Rhizobium |
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| Nitrogen fixers in root nodules Mutualistic with plants |
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| Agrobacterium tumefaciens |
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| agent of Crown Gall disease* Ti plasmid has genes for plant hormones & opines |
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| Betaproteobacteria |
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| Thiobacillus -colorless sulfur bacteria |
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| Thiobacillus-colorless sulfur bacteria |
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| chemolithoautotrophs oxidize inorganic sulfur increase soil fertility cause acid & metal pollution & pipe corrosion |
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| Gammaproteobacteria |
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| purple sulfur bacteria pseudomonads enteric bacteria |
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| Purple sulfur bacteria |
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| use anoxygenic photosynthesis (1 PS) photolithotrophs oxidize H2S to elemental sulfur strict anaerobes* have bacteriochlorophyll |
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| pseudomonads |
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| large, diverse group rods w/polar flagella chemoheterotrophs (aerobic or anaerobic resp) |
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| practical importance of pseudomonads |
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| mineralization (b/d or organic material) experimental subjects (biofilms) animal and plant pathogens food spoilage |
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| Vibrio |
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| comma-shaped rods w/polar flagella facultative anaerobes some are bioluminescent pathogens: cholera, gastroenteritis |
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| Enteric bacteria |
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| Largest group Proteus, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Kebsiella, Yersinia, Enterobacter Homogenous phylogenetic group nonmotile or motile by peritrichouse fl. facultative anaerobes Mixed acid fermentation or Butanediol fermentation |
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| Deltaproteobacteria |
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| Bdellovibrio Desulfovibrio |
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| Desulfovibrio |
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| Strict anaerobes* reduce sulfur or sulfate important in cycling of sulfur can cause anaerobic corrosion of iron |
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| Bdellovibrio |
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| Rods w/polar flagella parasite of other gram (-) bacteria* not obligate intracellular parasites* alternate between nongrowing predatory phase & intracellular reproductive phase efficient use of nutrients-obtains large amt of nutrients from host |
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| Life cycle of Bdellovibrio |
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| Rams into prey-bores hole by rotating Also secretes hydrolytic enzymes grows in periplasmic space of hose steals through a hold in host PM inhibits DNA/PRO synthesis Divides by multiple fission |
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| Mxyobacteria |
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| Most complex behavior & life cycle of all prokaryotes-largest genome chemoheterotrophs-use respiration micropredators/scavengers produce hydrolytic enzymes to lyse prey |
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| Life cycle of myxobacteria |
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| VEGETATIVE CELLS: non-flagellated rods that glide used in presence of food supply swarm w/coordinated motility FRUITING BODY: aggregation of cells present in nutrient depletion some cells become myxospores (resting) |
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| Epsiolonproteobacteria |
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| Campylobacter Helicobacter pylori |
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| Campylobacter |
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| microaerophiles motile spirals produces cholera-like toxin most common cause of enteritis |
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| Helicobacter pylori |
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| microaerophiles motile spirals cause acute & chronic gastritis-peptic ulcers produces Urease-neutralizes stomach acid |
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| Low G+C positive bacteria |
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| Mycoplasmas Clostridium Bacillus Staphylococcus Lactic acid bacteria |
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| Mycoplasmas |
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| lack cell walls have sterols in plasma membrane to comp simplified metabolic pathways no TCA cycle Respiratory & urogenital tract infection |
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| Mycoplasmas |
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| lack cell walls have sterols in plasma membrane to comp simplified metabolic pathways no TCA cycle Respiratory & urogenital tract infection |
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| Clostridium |
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| obligate anaerobes fermentative form endospores Botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene |
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| Bacillus |
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| aerobes or facultative aerobes form endospores Bt toxin >> insecticidal food poisoning, anthrax |
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| Staphylococcus |
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| On skin & mucus membranes of warm-blooded animals food poisoning, skin infections, MRSA |
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| Lactic Acid Bacteria |
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| Depend on sugar fermentation >>lactic acid primarily used in food & dairy industry to make cheese & beer strep throat,pneumonia, cavities, UTIs |
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| High G+C gram (+) bacteria |
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| All are Actinobacteria/Actinomyces Corynebacterium Mycobacterium Propionibacterium Streptomyces Frankia Bifidobacterium |
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| Corynebacterium |
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| Use snapping division-palisade arrangement cause Diphtheria |
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| Mycobacterium |
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| slow growth* 2-40 days Mycolic acid in cell wall- Acid fast staining Tuberculosis, Leprosy |
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| Propionibacterium |
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| ferment sugars to propionic & acetic acid produce CO2> swiss cheese, acne, body odor |
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| Streptomyces |
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| classic fungal characteristics: form aerial hyphae, chains of 3-50 nonmotile spores, perform mineralization 2/3 of antibiotics |
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| Frankia |
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| Form clusters of nonmotile spores Can fix nitrogen mutualistic association w/non-legumes |
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| Bifidobacterium |
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| Anaerobic ferments CHO* to acetic & lactic acids found in human mouth & GI tract makes up 90% of breast-fed infant gut flora |
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| T4 bacteriophage controls the expression of its genes by regulating the activity of the hose _______________ in E.coli. |
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| RNA Polymerase |
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| The viral protein holin is used at what stage of replication of the T4 bacteriophage? |
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| Release (last stage) |
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| What viral enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of (viral) DNA using DNA as a template? |
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| DNA-dependent DNA polymerase |
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| A complex of proteins the virus uses/needs for genome packaging |
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| Packasome |
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| what degrades peptidoglycan in a cell wall infected by a virus during the entry and release stages? |
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| T4 lysozyme |
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| what type of genome do all archaeal viruses have? |
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| Group 1: dsDNA |
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| Integrates the viral genome into the host genome for lysogeny at the att site |
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| Integrase |
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| Protein that activates Integrase |
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| CII protein (increase CII for cell to go through lysogeny) |
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| Exicision of the viral DNA from host DNA/completion of the lytic cycle |
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| Induction |
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| RecA protein |
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| a host cell protein that causes lambda repressor to cleave itself when the cell is in danger or unhealthy. leads to induction |
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| Productive infection |
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| virus multiplies explosively, host cell lyses & dies |
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| Latent infection |
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| viral genome remains in neuron and can be reactivated at any point through environmental factors |
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| NCLD (nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA virus) |
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| Eukaryotic virus with large virions & genomes relatively self-sufficient in metabolism* |
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| Virophage : sputnik |
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| a small virus that is a possible parasite of the NCLD virus (virophage: virus of a virus) |
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| DNA that is complementary to viral mRNA |
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| Negative strand DNA |
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| Bacteriophage fd |
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| a filamentous phage that attaches to the tip of sex pilus to infect (can only infect f+ bacteria) Made one at a time and secreted out of host |
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| +ssRNA viruses |
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| have a non-segmented genome that is essentially mRNA- no transcription necessary uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to replicate genome |
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| the pcornaviruses such as poliovirus, are +ssRNA viruses, where their genome is used as a giant ________________ |
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| Polyprotein |
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| viroids are infectious agents made of ssRNA only that are asociated with diseases in __________ |
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| Plants |
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| Virusoids |
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| encode one or more gene products need helper virus to infect host cells |
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| PrPc |
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| normal form of a protein found on cell membranes |
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| PrPsc |
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| abnormal form of a protein that affects all other surrounding proteins (a prion) by altering secondary structure causes neuron loss |
