Microbiology-Chapter 4 – Flashcards
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| Which of the following is NOT found in all bacterial cellsa. cell membrane b. nucleoid c. ribosomes d. actin cytoskeleton |
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| d. actin cytoskeleton |
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| Pili are tubular shafts in ______bacteria that serve as a means of _____________. a. gram-positive; genetic exchange b. gram positive; attachment c. gram negative, genetic exchange d. gram-negative; protection |
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| c. gram negative, genetic exchange |
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| An example of a of a glycocalyx is: a. a capsule b. a pilus c. an outer membrane d. a cell wall |
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| a. a capsule |
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| Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell wall funtiona. transport b. motility c. support d. adhesion |
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| c. support |
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| which of the following is present in both gram-positive and gram-negative cell wallsa. outer membrane b.peptidoglycan c. teichoic acid d. lipopolysaccharides |
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| b.peptidoglycan |
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| Dark stained granulues are concentrated crystals of ____that are found in ______. a. fat, myobacterium b. dipicolinic acid, Bacillus c. sulfur, Thiobacillus d. PO4, Corynebacterium |
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| d. PO4, Corynebacterium |
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| Bacterial endospores usually function in a. reproduction b. survival c. protein synthesis d. storage |
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| b. survival |
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| A bacterial arrangement in packets of eight cells is described as a ______. a. micrococcus b. diplococcus c. tetrad d. sarcina |
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| d. sarcina |
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| To which division of bacteria do cyanobacteria belonga. Tenericutes b.Gracilicutes c.Firmicutes d. mendosicutes |
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| b.Gracilicutes |
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| Which stain is used to distinguish differences between the cell walls of medically important bacteriaa. simple strain b. acridine orange stain c. gram stain d. negative stain |
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| c. gram stain |
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| True or False one major difference in the envelope structure between gram-Positive and gram-negative bacteria is the presence or absence of a cytoplasmic membrane |
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| False: one major difference in the envelope structure between gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria is the presence or absence of an outer membrane |
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| True or False A research microbiologist looking at at evolutionary relatedness between two bacterial species is more likely to use Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology than Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology |
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| False: A research microbiologist looking at evolutionary relatedness between two bacterial species is more likely to use Bergery's manual of systematic bacteriology |
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| True or False Nanobes may or may not actually be bacteria |
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| True |
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| True or False Both bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes |
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| True |
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| True or False a collection of bacteria that share an overall similar pattern of traits is called a species |
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| True |
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| Name the structures that all bacteria possess |
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| EXTERNAL: appendages :flagella pili fimbriae Glycocalyx (capsule-slime layer) Cell envelope (outer membrane) -cell wall -cell membrane Internal-- cytoplasm; ribsomes; inclusions; nucleoid/chromosome; actin cytoskeleton; endospore |
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| cell wall |
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| a semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the cell |
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| cell (cytoplasmic) membrane |
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| A thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool |
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| Outer membrane |
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| extra membrane is similar to cellmembrane but also contain lipopolysaccharide. Controls the flow of materials and portions of it are toxic to mammals when released. |
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| cytoplasm |
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| water based solution filling the entire cell |
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| inclusion/granule |
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| stored nutrients such as fat, phosphate, or glycogen deposited in dense crystals or particles that can be tapped into when needed |
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| Plasmid |
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| Double-stranded DNA circle containing extra genes |
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| Bacterial chromosome or nucleoid |
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| composed of condensed DNA molecules. DNA directs all genetics and heredity of the cell and codes for all proteins |
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| Plasmid |
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| Double-stranded DNA circle containing extra genes |
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| Ribosomes |
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| Tiny particles composed of protein and RNA that are the sites of protein synthesis |
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| Actin Cytoskeleton |
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| Long fibers of proteins that encircle the cell just inside the cell membrane and contribute to the shape of the cell. |
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| Endospore |
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| Dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions |
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| Glycocalyx |
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| Pink coating - a coating or layer of molecules external to the cell wall. It serves protective, adhesive, and receptor functions |
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| Pilus |
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| An elongate, hollow appendage used in transfers of DNA to other cells. |
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| Fimbriae |
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| fine hairlike Bristles, extending from the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surface |
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| flagellum |
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| specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that holds a long rotating filament. The movement pushes the cell forward and provides motility |
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| Flagellum: 3 parts and describe basal wall. |
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| 3 parts: filament, Hook (sheath) and Basal body- the basal body is anchored through the cell wall and outer membrane. Hook and filaments rotate 360 |
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| How do prokaryotes differ from Eukaryotes? |
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| Proks- 1 chromosome No histones smaller than X10 all are microbes bacteria have peptido/Gly can cell walls Euks- Nucleus- chromosome 1 or more bundled by histone proteins Organnelle-mitochondria nucleus some are microbes-fungi; algae; protoza; helminths |
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| What are examples of disease caused by prokaryotes? |
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| strep throat, lymes disease and ear infections |
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| Examples of Eukaryotic infections? |
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| histoplasmosis and malaria |
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| Specific structures that are found in some but not all prokaryotes? |
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| flagella; pili; fimbriae; inclusions, endospores, and intracellular membranes |
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| Name at least four structures that some, but not all, bacteria possess. |
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| -Ribsome- -cell membrane- -nucleoid -chromosome |
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| Ribsome |
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| -Ribsome-tiny particle composed of protein and RNA that are the sites of protein synthesis |
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| Cell membrane |
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| -cell membrane- a thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool |
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| -nucleoid |
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| the basophilic nuclear region or nuclear body that contains bacterial chromosome |
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| -chromosome |
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| Tightly coiled bodies in cells that are the primary sitesof genes |
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| Name the 2 general patterns of flagella |
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| 1. polar arrangement-flagella are attached at one or both ends of the cell A. Monotrichous B. lophotrichous c. amphitrichous 2. peritrichous |
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| peritrichous flagella |
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| flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell |
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| monotrichous |
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| single flagellum |
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| lophotrichous |
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| small bunch or tuffs of flagella emerging from the same site |
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| amphitrichous |
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| flagella at both poles of the cell |
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| Describe the polar movement of the flagellum? |
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| a polar flagellum rotating counterclockwise moves the cell forward. Reversing the direction causes the cell to stop and tumble. |
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| Describe the movement of flagella rotation |
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| flagella rotation due to proton gradient. Protons are made from bacterial metabolism |
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| Describe how peritrichous move: |
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| Flagella sweep toward one end of the cell and rotate as a group. |
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| chemotaxis |
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| flagellar can detect and move in response to chemical signals |
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| Explain how flagellum works in the presence of an attractant? |
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| positive chemotaxis is movement of a cell in the direction of a favorable chemical stimulus(usually a nutrient); negative chemotaxis is movement away from a repellant (potientally harful) compound |
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| periplasmic flagella- corkscrew shaped bacteria called (a)how do they move (b) Location (c) and an example (d) |
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| (a) spirochetes (b) causing a twisting flexing motion "wiggle" (c) located between the cell wall and cell membrane (d) Example: spirochetes; lyme, sphillis |
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| Pili are found only on: (a) and are involved in conjugation, form cytoplasmic connections between bacteria |
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| Gram negative bacteria |
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| Glycocalyx- Describe function outside layer can be? |
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| Bacterial surface coating of repeating polysaccharide units, protein or both. Function: protects cell and helps it adhere to enviroment Outside layer can be Slime (loosely bound) or Capsule (tightly bound to cell) live in damp area |
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| Specialized function of glycocalyx? |
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| capsules are formed by pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia (cause of pneumonis) Haemophius influenzae (causes mengitis) the capsule protect the bacteria against white blood cells, the bodies natural defense against infection. |
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| How can you tell that a bacteria has a large capsule on a petri plate? |
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| Raised and shiny |
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| Describe the 3 major shapes of prokaryotes? |
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| Coccus (round) Bacillus (rod)coccobacillus-short and plump; vibrio -gently curved spiral (2types spirochetes and spirilla) |
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| List some of the difference between archaea and bacteria? |
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| Cell structure metabolism genetics |
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| Difference between archaea and bacteria? |
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| found in extreme enviroments- another type of prokaryotic cells that constitiute the third domain of life. They exhibit ususual biochemistry and genetic make up. They adapt to extreme habitats with low or high temperature, salt, pressure, or acid |
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| Explain what a species is? |
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| is a collection of bacterial cells, all of which share an overall an overall similar pattern of traits |
