Micro Finals – Flashcards
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| Microbiology |
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| The study of microbes |
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| Who was the first to observe live microorganisms? |
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| Anton Van Leeuwehoek |
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| Who developed the vaccine for anthrax and rabies? |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| Fermentation |
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| The decomposition of complex substances through the actions of enzymes |
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| Major achievements of Robert Koch |
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| Developed an experimental procedures that could be used to prove that a specific microorganism is a cause of the specific infectious disease. |
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| Who proposed the theory of biogenesis? |
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| Rudolf Virchow |
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| Matter |
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The material from which all of the universe is made. Anything that takes up space |
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| Element |
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| The substance that makes up all matter |
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| Atom |
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| Building blocks of elements made up of particles Protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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| Molecules |
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| the combination of two or more atoms of the same elements |
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| Organic compounds |
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| molecules that contains the element carbon |
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| Building blocks of carbohydrates |
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| Glucose |
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| Monosacchrides and an example |
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the simplest carb. Such as glucose |
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| Polysacchrides and an example |
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Complex carbohydrates Such as starch and glycogen |
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| Building blocks of lipids |
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| Fatty acids |
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| Composition of Cell membrane |
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| Two layers of phospholipids |
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| Building blocks of proteins |
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| Amino acids |
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| Peptide bonds |
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Chemical bonds that join the carboxyl group of one amino acid to another. *Chemical bonds connecting amino acids |
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| What elements are found in proteins? |
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| Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. |
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| Enzymes |
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| largest group of proteins, which act as catalysts for crucial chemical reactions. |
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| Types of Nucleic acids |
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| DNA and RNA |
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| Building blocks of DNA and their composition |
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DNA nucleotides made up of a nitrogenous base, pentose and a phosphate group. + |
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| Universal units of life |
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| Cells |
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| Prokaryotes |
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| Primitive bacterial cell with no nucleus |
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| Ribosomes |
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| Cellular structure responsible for protein production |
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| How does erythromycin kill bacteria |
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| by inhibiting protein synthesis |
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| Chemical composition of bacterial cell wall |
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| Peptidoglycans (PGN) |
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| How does penicillin kill bacteria |
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| Interfers with peptidoglycan biosynthesis, weakening the cell wall. |
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| Spore |
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| Thick protective covering around certain bacteria and fungi. Makes them highly resistant to dangerous environment. |
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| Asepsis |
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| condition in which living pathogens and spores are absent |
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| Sepsis |
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| The presence of pathogens or their toxins in the bloodstream. |
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| Virulence |
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| The increased ability for an organism to produce an infection |
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| Plasmid |
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| small circular molecules of DNA that are not part of the chromosomal DNA. Holds information about antibiotic. |
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| Name of bacterial asexual reproduction |
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| Binary fission |
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| Cocci |
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| round bacteria |
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| Bean shaped cocci is called |
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| N.gonorrhoeae |
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| Why is gonococci a virulent bacteria? |
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| polysaccharide capsule and fimbriae |
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| Streptococci |
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| Berry-shaped bacteria found as long twisted chains. |
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| Indigenous flora of the mouth |
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| Various species of a-hemolytic stretptococci |
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| Common cause of pneumonia in the world |
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| Streptococcal pneumonia |
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| Endocarditis and glomerulonenephritis |
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| inflammation of the membranes lining the cavities of the heart; inflammation of the filtration units of the kidney |
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| Staphylococci |
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| bacteria arranged in groups or clusters |
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| MERSA |
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| Methicillin- resistant staphylococcus aureus |
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| Bacillus |
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| Rod-shaped bacteria |
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| Why are bacilli the most dangerous bacteria? |
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| they produce spores and toxins |
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| Why is bacillus used as an agent of bioterrorism? |
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| Causes fatal infections due to the production of spores and toxins |
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| Bioterrorism agents |
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| B.anthracis, C.botulinum, V.major, and Y.pestis |
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Fatal infection caused by introduction of spores through contaminated puncture wound?
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| Tetanus :causes lockjaw |
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| VIBRIO |
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| Curved rod with flagellum; causes cholera |
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| Curved rod that causes stomach ulcers or cancer? |
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| Helicobacter pylori |
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| Penile lesion that is associated with primary syphilis |
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| Chancre |
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| Vector for Lyme Disease |
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| Deer Ticks |
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| Vector for rocky mountain spotted fever |
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| Wood ticks or lice |
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| The six components of the chain of infection |
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| Pathogen, reservoirs, portal of exit, means of transmission portal of entry, and susceptible host |
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| Examples of atypical bacteria |
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| Chlamydia, rickettsia. and mycoplasma |
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| Infectious agent that is visible only using electron microscope |
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| Viruses |
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| Viruses that exist outside their host cells |
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| Virions |
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| Core structure of any virus |
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| Caspid |
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| Virus that has a bacterial host |
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| Bacterial Phage |
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| Viral reproduction |
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| replication |
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| Which cells of the immune system are infected by HIV virus? |
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| Helper T-cells |
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| Port of entry of HIV virus |
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| CD4 receptors |
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| Important white blood count used to confirm HIV infection |
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| CD4 positive helper T-cells |
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| 2nd and 3rd phases of the HIV infection |
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| Opportunistic Infections |
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| Interferon |
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| biochemical signals alerting healthy cells of virus. It activates antiviral proteins. |
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| Protozoan's organs of movement |
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| Pseudopodia. flagellum and cilia |
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| Amebiasis |
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| Severe infection of the colon |
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| Most common intestinal parasite in the US |
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| G.Lamblia |
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| Life form of parasites found in the feces of chronically infected person |
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| Cyst |
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| Common route of transmission of the intestinal parasites |
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| Fecal-oral |
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| Cause of Malaria |
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| Plasmodium |
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| What blood cells are infected by the malaria parasite |
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| RBCs |
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| Vector for malaria |
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| Female anopheles mosquito |
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| Laboratory diagnosis for malaria |
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| microscopic obervationn of bloodsmears for presence of plasmodium |
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| Vector for Trypanosome Gambians |
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| Tsetse fly |
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| Cause of Chagas disease |
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| Trypanosoma cruizi |
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| Vector for chagas disease |
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| reduviid bugs (kissing bugs) |
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| Causes STDs |
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| trichomonas vaginalis |
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| Protozoan opportunitic pathogen |
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| Toxoplasma gondii |
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| Type of fungi |
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| Yeasts, mold, and mushrooms |
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| Fungi that are decomposing dead matter |
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| saprophytic fungi |
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| Fungi that changes sugar in carbon dioxide and alcohol in the obsence of oxygen |
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| Yeast |
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| asexual reproduction of yeast |
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| budding or usual fission |
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| Harmful activity of yeast |
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| Produces spores |
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| yeast that is normal flora of the mouth, throat, and vagina |
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| Candida Albicans |
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| Opportunistic fungi |
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| Candida albicans |
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| Mold |
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| multicellular fungi |
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| Why is penicillium notatum a beneficial mold |
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| can produce the antibiotic penicillin |
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| Who discovered penicillin? |
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| Alexander Fleming |
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| Skin mycosis caused by Tinea |
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| Athletes foot ; ring worm |
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| Ringworm and Athletes foot are examples of what type of fungal infection? |
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| Tinea Mycosis |
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| Fungi that causes deep-seated pulmonary infection |
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| Aspergillius fumigatus and histoplasmosis |
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| Fungus that causes the CNS infection and meningitis |
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| Cryptococcosis |
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| Nonspecific Defense |
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General defense against a variety of invaders. or Physical or mechanical barrier |
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| Parts of the first line of Nonspecific defense |
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| Skin, mucous membranes, secretions |
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| Second line of defense |
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| nonspecific cellular and chemical responses |
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| Parts of the second line of nonspecific defense |
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| Transferrin, interferons, the complement system, phagocytosis, and cytokines |
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| What are cytokines, transferrin, compliment and their functions? |
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| Chemical warfare design to assist in killing or killing pathogens |
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| Types and functions of Interferons |
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| alpha, beta, and gamma interferonns. They interfere with viral replication |
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| Inflammation |
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| Body's normal response to local injury, irritation, microbial invasion or bacterial toxin by a complex series of events. |
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| Four cardinal signs of inflammation |
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| Redness, heat, swelling (edema), and pain. |
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| Phagocytosis |
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| Engulfing and digesting antigens/pathogens |
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| Types of phagocytes |
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| Neutrophils, macrophages |
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| The most numerous, active or professional phagocytes |
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| Neutrophils |
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| What type of WBC will be increased in parasitic infections |
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| Eosinophil |
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| Antigen |
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| A foreign substance that stimulates the production of antibodies |
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| MHC |
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| major histocompatibility complex- the mechanism for recognizing components that belong to the organism itself |
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| Self antigen |
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| Antigen on the surface of body cells |
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| antibodies |
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a glycoprotein produced by lymphocytes in responseto the presence of an antigen. Also known as immunoglobins |
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| Cells of immune or lymphatic system |
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| Lymphocytes T and B cells |
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| Cytotoxin T cells and their functions |
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| Kills cells on contact that are stimulated by wandering macrophages |
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| Cellular or cell mediated immunity |
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| Immunity provided by Tcells that attack antigen/pathogen directly |
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| Chemical produced by T Helper cells |
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| lymphokines |
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| What type of lymphocytes produces antibodies |
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| B lymphocytes or B cells |
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| What is Humoral immunity? |
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| the function of B cells |
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| Immunity |
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| The condition of being immune. Resistance to a certain disease. |
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What type of immunity is provided by breast milk?
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| Natural passive aquried immunity |
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| Anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock |
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| a severe allergic reaction to an allergen which results in a stimulation of massive histamine which decreases the blood pressure and causes cardiovascular shock. If untreated, pt can go into cardiac arrest and die. |
