Micro Exam 2 Flashcard
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| Virion |
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| individual mature virus material |
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| spikes |
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| exposed proteins on the outside of an envelope virus |
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| bacteriophage |
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| a virus that specifically infects bacteria |
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| Restriction Endonuclease |
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| an enzyme present normally in cells that cleaves specific locations on DNA; used to splice genes in genetic engineering |
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| Host Range |
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| Limitation imposed by the characteristics of the host cell on the type of virus that can successfully invade it |
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| Chronic latent state |
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| can last weeks or host's lifetime; several can periodically reactivate |
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| Oncoviruses |
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| mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors. |
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| Prions |
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| Satellite Virus |
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dependent on the other viruses for replication ex: adeno-associated virus, delta agent |
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| nutrition |
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| process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities |
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| essential nutrients |
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| must be provided to an organisim; |
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| macronutrients |
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| micronutrients |
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| heterotroph |
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| must obtain carbon in organic form made by the living organisms; |
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| autotroph |
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| chemotroph |
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| gain energy from chemical compunds |
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| phototrophs |
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| gain energy from photosynthesis |
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| osmosis |
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| diffussion of water |
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| aerobe |
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| uses O2;; can detoxify it |
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| facultative anaerobe |
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| able use or not use O2 |
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| microaerophillic |
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| requires only a small amount of O2 |
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| anarobe |
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| does not use O2 |
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| obligate anarobe |
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| can't use or detoxify O2 |
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| aerotolerant |
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| does not use O2 but it is able to grown in an O2 environment |
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| capnophile |
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| grows best in an CO2 environment |
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| alkalineophile |
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| grows at extreme alkaline pH |
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| halophile |
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| grows at high concentration of salt |
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| barophile |
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| can survive under extreme pressure but will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure |
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| mutualism |
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| both members benefit |
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| commensalism |
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| 1 member benefits, the other isn't harmed |
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| parasitism |
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| 1 benefits while the other is harmed |
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| synergism |
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| members cooperate ; share nutrients |
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| antagonism |
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| some members are inhibited or destroyed by others |
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| turbidometry |
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| measure of cloudiness, reflects bacterial population size |
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| genotype |
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| all types of genes canstitute the genetic makeup |
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| phenotype |
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| expression of the genotype creates observable traits (physical) |
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| transcription |
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| info shared on the DNA molecule is conveyed to RNA molecules |
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| translation |
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| process in which the infor contained in RNA molecule is used to produce proteins |
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| polyribsomal complex |
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| allows for the synthesis of many protein molecules simultaneously from the same mRNA molecule |
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| mutation |
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| a change in phenotype due to change in genotype |
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| wild type |
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| a natural, nonmutated characteristic (wild strain) |
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| binary fission |
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| division of bacterial cells (transverse) |
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| sterilization |
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| process to destroy all viable microbes; including viruses ; endospores |
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| disinfection |
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| process to destroy vegetative pathogens NOT endospores on inanimate objects |
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| antiseptic |
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| disinfectant applied directly to exposed body surfaces |
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| sanitization |
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| any cleansing technique that mechanically removes microbes |
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| thermal death time |
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| shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specfied temperature |
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| thermal death point |
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| lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10mins |
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| tyndallization |
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internittent sterilization for substances that cannot withstand autoclaving;
; ; ; |
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| pasteurization |
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heat is applied to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage w/o destroying the food flavor or value
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| desiccation |
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gradual removal of H2O from cells, leads to metabolic inhibition
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| lyophilization |
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| freese drying; preservation |
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| filtration |
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physical removal of microbes by passing a gas or liquid through filter
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| halogens |
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group of chemicals w/anti microbial applications;
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| phenolics |
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disrupts cell walls ; membranes ; precipitate proteins ; |
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| alcohols |
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ethyl, isopropyl in solutions of 50-95%
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| hydrogen peroxide |
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| provides highly reactive hydroxyl-free radicals that damage protein ; DNA while also decomposing to O2;gas (toxic to anarobes) |
