Micr 33 – Microbiology Test Questions – Flashcards
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| innate immunity |
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| defense against any pathogen |
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| adaptive immunity |
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| induced resistance to a specific pathogen |
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| pateur |
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| observed chickens injected with weakened pathogens |
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| Von Behring |
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| received the nobel prize for development of antitoxin |
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| Ehrlich |
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| work led to the ID of antibodies in serum |
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| T and B cells develop in |
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| red bone marrow |
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| cellular immunity |
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| due to T cells, T cells mature in the thymus |
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| humoral immunity |
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| due to antibodies, B cells mature in the bone marrow (chickens: bursa of fabricius) |
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| Antigen (Ag) |
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| substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells |
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| Ab |
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| antibodies, interact with epitopes or antigenic determinants |
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| hapten |
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| antigen is combined with carrier molecules |
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| Haplen + carrier = |
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| haplen-carrier conjugate haplen too small to make a difference |
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| nature of antibodies |
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| globular proteins called immunoglobins & valence |
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| valence |
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| determined by The number of antigen-binding sites |
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| IgG antibodies |
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| monomer, 80%, fix complement, in blood, lymph, and intestine cross placenta and walls of blood cells, enhance phagocytosis, neutralize toxins and viruses, protect fetus and newborn half-life=23 days |
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| IgM antibodies |
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| pentameter, 5-10%, fix complement, in blood, lymph, and B cells as a monomer, agglutinate microbes, first Ab produced in response to infection. Half-life=5 days |
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| IgA Antibodies |
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| dimer (2), 10-15%, in secretions (mucus, saliva, tears, breast milk), mucosal protection half-life=6 days |
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| IgD |
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| monomer, .2%, in blood, lymph, and on B cells, (in b cells they initiate immune response half life=3 days |
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| IgE |
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| monomer, .002%, on mast cells, basophils, and in blood, allergic reactions, lysis of parasitic worms (via ADCC), half-life=2 days |
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| Activation of B cells |
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| Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expressed on mammalian cells T-dependent antigens: Ag presented with MHC to T-helper cell. T-helper cell produced cytokines that activate the B cell (MEMORY CELLS) T-independent antigens: stimulate the B cell to make antibodies (no memory cells, quicker, IgM produced) |
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| Activation of B cells |
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| B cells differentiate into plasma-cells (antibody producing) and memory cells. Clonal deletion eliminates harmful B cells |
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| Antigen-Antibody binding: consequences |
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| Agglutination Opsonization Activation of compliment Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) Neutralization |
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| T cells and cellular immunity |
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| T cells mature in thymus. Thymic selection eliminates many immature T cells |
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| TCRs |
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| T-cell receptors. how T cells respond to antigen |
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| APCs |
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| Antigen-presenting cells. T cells require them |
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| pathogens entering the gastrointestinal or resp. tract pass through |
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| M (microfold) cells or Peyer's patches that contain APCs |
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| T-H cells produce cytokines and differentiate into |
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| T-h1 T-h2 T-h17 T-FH |
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| T-H1 |
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| produce IFN gamma, which activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity, macrophages, and Abs |
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| T-H2 |
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| activate eosinophils and B cells to produce IgE |
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| T-H17 |
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| stimulate the innate immune system |
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| TFH |
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| follicular helper cell: stimulate B cells to produce plasma cells and are involved in class switching |
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| T helper cells |
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| T-H or CD4+ |
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| T cytotoxic cells |
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| CD8+ or T-c Cells |
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| T Cytotoxic cells' Target cells |
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| are self-cells carrying endogenous antigens |
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| CTLs |
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| cytotoxic T lymphocytes. recognize antigen and MHC I. Induce apoptosis in target cell. CTL releases perforin and granzymes |
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| T regulatory cells |
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| Treg cells CD4 and CD25 on surface, suppress T cells against self |
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| Antigen presenting cells |
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| digest antigen, Antigen fragments on APC surface with MHC B cells, dendritic cells, and activated macrophages |
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| NK cells |
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| Natural Killer cells: granular leukocytes destroy cells that don't express MHC I. Kill virus-infected and tumor cells. Attack parasites |
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| ADCC |
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| Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. organisms too large for ingestion by phagocytes must be attacked externally |
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| IL-1 |
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| simulates T-h cells in presence of antigens, attracts phagocytes |
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| IL-2 |
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| proliferation of antigen-stimulated CD4+ T helper cells, proliferation and differentiation of B cells, activation of CD8+T cells and NK cells |
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| IL-12 |
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| Inhibits humoral immunity; activates T-h1 cellular immunity |
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| chemokines |
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| induce the migration of leukocytes |
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| TNF-alpha |
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| promotes inflammation |
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| hematopoeitic cytokines |
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| influence differentiation of blood stem cells |
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| IFN-alpha and IFN-beta |
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| response to viral infection, interfere with protein synthesis |
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| IFN gamma |
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| stimulates macrophage activity |
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| antibody titer |
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| about of Ab in serum |
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| primary response |
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| occurs after initial contact with anitgen |
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| secondary (memory or anamnestic) response |
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| occurs after second exposure |
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| Naturally acquired ACTIVE immunity |
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| resulting from infection |
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| Naturally acquired passive immunity |
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| transplacental or via colostrum (breat feeding) |
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| artificially acquired active immunity |
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| infection of antigen (vaccination) |
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| artificially acquired passive immunity |
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| injection of antibody |
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| Serology |
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| study of reactions between antibodies and antigens |
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| antiserum |
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| genetic term for serum because it contains Ab |
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| globulins |
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| serum proteins |
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| immunoglobulins |
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| antibodies |
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| Gamma globulin |
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| serum fraction containing Antibodies |
