MBI 131 – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| hormaflora |
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| Microbes that early modern homosapiens shared as the population gathered and increased and more worked with animals. |
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Clay tablets
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| Ancient medicines and prescriptions were written on what? |
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| blame game |
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| How did early people explain sickness and other health problems? |
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| punishment for evil |
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| How did people describe why they became sick? |
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The Hippocratic school thought what were at fault for disease? What are these things? |
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| humors - body fluids |
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| Why did blood letting with leeches not work to cure the disease? |
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| Because the blood carried cells to fight the disease. |
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| What part of fitness did the greeks emphasize? |
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| Physical, which is why they created the Olympics |
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| What did the Romans think about disease that seemed so revolutionary? |
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| Disease may not be punishment for evil, they were the first to make a division between sick and healthy with the idea that diease was transmissible. |
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| In Ancient Superstition, how was malaria described to be caught? How do we know it is contracted now? |
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| By bad air. We now know it is caused by mosquitos. |
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| Black Death |
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| Carried by fleas, huge epidemic in Europe and began in Egypt. Over 27 million died in Europe. |
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| Dark Ages |
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| Delayed Development of science and reverted to superstition. |
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| Hansen's Disease/Lepracy |
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| The first use of quarantine and isolation. Scarring on hands and feet due to decreased blood supply, increase in accidents due to numbness.; |
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| leveling effect |
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| diseases with an equal chance of infecting |
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| sociocultural effect |
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| the poor were more suceptible to disease because of the conditions in which they lived |
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| Renaissance ; Exploration |
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| 1500-1700 renewed interest in science and observations of disease occurance, recognize that the environment is responsible and disease is transmissible |
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| Robert Hooke |
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| the first to see cells in 1665 without a microscope, chose to look at plant tissue |
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| Why are cells called cells? |
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| after monk's quarters "one hallway with boxy rooms that are uniform" |
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| Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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| first to see and describe bacteria in 1676. bacteria is 20-100th the size of the cork cell seen by Hooke. |
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| Franceso Redi |
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| refuted the theory of spontaneous generation in 1668 (used the neck jar in his experiment) |
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| spontaneous generation |
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| the theory that living things arise from abiotic things. |
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| Edward Jenner |
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| injected an 8 year old boy with coxpox to see if it was the vaccine against smallpox from the rumor that milkmaids don't get smallpox. |
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| veriolation (Jenner) |
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| grind up dried scabs on smallpox and put them on patients. they either got the disease or became immune.; |
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| miasmas as the cause of disease |
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| 19th century idea that the vapor out of sick people, dead animals and disease were associated with being dirty - invention of city sanitation crews.; |
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| Ignaz Semmelweis |
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| discovered invisible agents being transmitted from lab coats to people while working in the maternity ward in 1841. led to the institution of sanitary measures for doctors.; |
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| cholera epidemic |
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| 1854 - diarrhea, often shows up after natural disasters |
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| John Snow |
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| "Father of Epidemiology" devised the first study using cholera to find a common thread that was infecting people (in this case, they all got their water from the same well) |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| again refuted spontaneous generation through the use of the swan neck tube, dust and insects could not make their way through this tube because of the shape.; |
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| virulence factors |
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| strategies pathogens have that are used in pathogenesis; |
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| pathogenesis |
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| causes the disease; |
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| What must the pathogen be able to do to cause the disease? |
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| contact the host, adhere to and multipgy on host surfaces, infect the host, damage host tissues making it able to cause further infection |
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| epidemiology |
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| study of occurance of disease |
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| What aspects of the disease is epidemiology concerned with? |
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| incidence (number of new cases), prevalence (total number of cases), etiology (causal agent of the disease) |
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| What is in the epidemiological triangle? |
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| agent, environment, host |
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| direct transmission |
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| immediate transmission from person to person by close contact or intimate contact |
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| indirect transmission |
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| step between persons; |
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| vector indirect transmission |
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| living agent as the intermediate step |
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| vehicle indirect transmission |
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| non living agent (food included); |
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| endemic distribution of disease |
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| normally present at a low level in the population |
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| epidemic distribution of disease |
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| exceeds normal incidence in a population in a certain geographic area |
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| pandemic distribution of disease |
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| spreads to more than one continent |
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| common source of epidemics |
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| due to infection or intoxication of many people from a single source |
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| propagated epidemics |
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| due to the spread of infection from one person to another involving many sources |
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| rates of disease |
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| ;number of events in a given population in a given time frame |
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| natality |
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| birth |
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| morbidity |
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| sickness |
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| mortality |
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| death |
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| Top 10 Deadly Diseases in the US |
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| heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory, accidents, diabetes, alzheimer's, influenza & pnemonia, kidney disease, blood disease |
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| Bacteria |
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| prokaryotic cells, only in single celled organisms, protein in the cell wall, external structures increase virulence, shapes vary, arrangements can be single celled alone, in pairs, clusters or long chains |
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| prokaryotic cells |
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| lack true nucleus and certain organelles inside the cell |
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| external features of bacteria |
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| most have a flagella that is used for movement |
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| pili |
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| cytoplasm extension that they can make to attach to another cell |
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| conjucation |
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| exhange of DNA though pilus |
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| fimbriae |
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| small hairlike extensions from the surface that help bacteria stuck together or stick to surfaces. also helps increase virulence. |
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| toxins |
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| molecules made by the bacteria (virulence factors) |
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| exotoxin |
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| damaging protein, made of bacterium secreted outside the cell |
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| endotoxin |
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| damaging molecule built into cell walls of bacteria, can cause a second wave of signs and symptoms |
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| biofilms |
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| sticky surfaces that are acidic like plaque - concern in the household of it being in the water |
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| bacterial cell wall/coat/envelope |
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| protein structures with some carbohydrate chains that are the boundary of a cell |
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| peptidoglycan |
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| one of the most important cell walls - every point is a carbon with a hydrogen in the middle |
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| peptidoglycan |
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| one of the most important cell walls - every point is a carbon with a hydrogen in the middle. helps to make drugs that can help make us well, antibiotics target this molecule to stop bacteria from making new cells. |
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| gram + vs. gram - |
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| how the cell stains and the structure of the cell wall |
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| anthrax |
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| endospore, high mortality rate for ingestion and is common in soils and ubiquitous (found anywhere) |
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| clostridium tetani-tetnus |
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| very ubiquitous because of vaccine - often found in deep puncture wounds |
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| perfringens (gas gangrene) |
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| endospore that is a threat to diabetics or anyone with poor circulation - victims suffocate because their muscles cannot relax |
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| botulinium (botulism) |
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| ubiquitious but can occur in improperly preserved food - victims suffocate because their muscles cannot contract |
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| cells of defense |
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| made in the blood where the liquid portion in plasma and the cellular portion is formed elements |
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| red blood cells |
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| formed element that carries gases. known as erythrocytes. |
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| white blood cells |
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| our defense cells, known as leukocytes which are made in bone marrow |
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| platelets |
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| formed elements used in clotting |
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| non-specific (innate) defenses |
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| born with it, always defending you - first line defenses that prevents us from a real infection in the tissues |
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| types of non-specific defenses |
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| barriers like skin, mucous membranes, cilia on the respiratory tract, tears, coughing, etc. |
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| chemical defenses (non-specific, first line) |
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| inhibit the growth of microbes and include the sebaceous gland, sweat glands, lacrimal and salivary gland secretions. |
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| second line defenses (still non-specific) |
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| the pathogen is in our tissues and we are infected - includes inflammation, phagocytosis, inferons, complement system, natural killer cells |
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| inflammation |
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| blood goes to the site of injury or infection and may be accompanied by fever |
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| phagocytosis |
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| our cell eats that ameoba when microphages engulf the foreign invader, other leukocytes make up pus and combine defenses. |
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| inferons |
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| antiviral molecule that inhibits virus and activates another non-specific cell call "natural killer" that stimulates specific defenses |
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| complement system |
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| molecules and cascade of reactions that assist immunity - these are huge helpers |
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| natural killer cells |
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| can take out whole tissues where there is a pathogen there. It is a lymphocyte that attacks microbes. |
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| specific defenses |
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| acquired immunity (custom made) |
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| In what system are specific defenses generally housed? |
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| lymphatic system |
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| protists |
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| eukaryotic, single-celled, complex cells with internal membranes and organelles and classified by means of movement |
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| eukaryotic |
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| has a true nucleus |
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| glycocalyx |
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| external structure of protists with a sticky surface on the cell to stick to us and each other |
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| cilia and flagella |
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are used for movement cilia - short and many flagella - long and few |
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| entamoeba |
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| an amoeba that is an intestinal parasite, digestive system disease |
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| trichomonas |
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| an amoeba that is sexually transmitted and is so common that it is not among the CDC list of reportable diseases |
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| giardia |
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| an amoeba that causes giardiasis, an intestinal disease caused by drinking contaminated water |
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| non-motile |
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| does not move at all |
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| cryptosporidium |
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| causes cryptosporidiosis that contaminates swimming pools and is often transmitted orally |
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| plasmodium |
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| causes malaria |
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| fungus |
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| eukaryotic, multi-cellular with cell wall made of large carbohydrate molecules |
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| examples of fungus |
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| mushrooms, mildew, yeast, plant rust |
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| hyphae |
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| long extensions that fungus makes to delve deep into tissues or soil |
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| mycelium |
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| multiple hyphae joined together that can be very large in additon to fungal tissue |
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| mycoses |
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| fungal infections |
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| tinea |
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| ringworm or athletes foot |
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| ringworm |
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| unidentified patch of dry skin that is likely very itchy |
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| candidiasis |
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| yeast infection in any mucous membrane, typically affects the colon |
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| histoplasmosis |
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| lung infection sometimes known as the Ohio Valley Fever because it is so common in this region. Includes coughing congestion and treatment is extensive |
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| helminths |
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| general term for worms, the only pathogen in the animal kingdom that affects humans |
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| pinworms |
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| a roundworm that is fairly harmless but lives in the large intestine and lays eggs on the anus, making it very itchy. children itch themselves, touch their toys then put their fingers in their mouth, so it is often transmitted orally. |
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| ascaris |
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| serious roundworm that causes dog heartworm and can also devastate humans. is an endemic in some parts of the world and also carries secondary infections. |
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| tapeworms |
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| a type of flatworm that is transmitted orally, usually through tainted meat but is uncommon in the US because of high meat inspection. |
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| non-cellular agents |
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| mostly include viruses, but are like "little packages of molecules" |
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| viruses |
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| include influenza, common cold and Rhinovirus that live in the nose, and also rabies and many more. |
