infections, diseaes, and immuntiy – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| What are the three types of symbosis? |
| Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism |
| Name the extracellular enzymes |
a)Hyaluronides-digests hyaluronic acid to go btween cell b)collegenase-brakes down collagen c)coagulase-coagulates blood protein to hide d)kinases-digests blood clots to get out e)phospholipases-digests cell membranes to make room for more cells |
| Name the types of toxins pathogens secrete |
1.Exotoxins- Secreted by the organism 2.Cytotoxins- Kill cells or interfere with cellular metabo 3.Neurotoxins=interfere with nerve cell function 4.Enterotoxins-affect the cells of the G.I. tract 5.Endotoxins-from th gram negative bacteria released during bacterial cell death |
| What are the five stages of infection? |
A. incubation period-the time between initial infection and the occurance of first symptoms B.prodromal period-time period with mild symptoms C.illness- Most severe stage D.Decline- Body is returning to normal E.Convalescences-The patient is recovered |
| What are the three types of transmission of infectious disease? |
A.Contact Transmission-direct (person to person) indirect (fomites and droplet) B.Vehicle Transmission-Airborne (greater than 1meter), Waterborne Transmission(fecal oral,through skin),Foodborne transmission C.Vector transmission-Biological vectors, Insects and Arachnids
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| What are the classifications of infectious disease? |
A.Acute disease-develops rapidly lasts a short time B.Chronic-developes slowly nd has less sev. symptoms C.Subacute Diseases-are in between chronic and acute D.Latent Disease-pathogen remains inactive for a long period E.Communicable disease-when disease comes from another infected host directly or indirectly F.Contagious disease-communicable disease that is spread easilly G.Noncommunicable-disease-does not come from a host
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| Name the three Granulocytes |
A.Neutrophil- a phagocyte most numerous B.Basophil- to fight worm infestations,main cause of allergies least numerous C.Eosinophils-Phagocyte |
| What are the three tpes of agranulocytes ? |
1.Lympocytes-mostly specific imm. except natural killer cells (Nk cells look for cells that no longer prod M.H.C. 2.Monocyte/Macrophages (monocyte in blood Mac in tissue) Are phagocytes and apc(antigenpresentingcells) 3.Dendritic Cells-Most efficient APC, Best phagocytes
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| What are the five steps of Phagocytosis? |
A) Chemotaxis-movement because ofchemical stimulus B)Adherence- Bind thru complementary proteins with the aid of opsonines C)Ingestion- Form phagosome by surounding pathogen D)Digestion- Phagosome fuses with lysosome becomes pagolysosomes after digestion it is a residual body E)Elimination-Exocytosis (some put on MHC)
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| What are cytokines? |
| Small prroteins, used in cell to cell communication,served as a chemical messenger |
| What are intererons and where do they come from? |
| Interferons are small proteins to fight viral infection. Three types alpha, omega, and gamma. Alpha secreted by monocytes macs and some lymphocytes. Beta secreed by fibroblasts. Gamma by Tcells and NK cells. secreted after cell is infected with virus triggers production of antiviral proteins in other cells, Gamma interferon stimulates the activation of macs and neutrophils |
| What are defenins? |
| Small peptides that punch holes in the paths. membrane is secreted by macrophages |
| what are the required elements of aquired immunity? |
A. Antigens B. The lympatic system C. cells D. Tissues E. Organs |
| What are the best kind of antigens? |
| Large complex proteins and glycoproteins |
| What are the three typs of antigens |
1. Exogenous Ag- found outside the path. targetted by antibodies made by B cells 2.Endogenous Ag- are inside of our cells targeted by Tc cells 3.Autoantigens- your own antigens bad thing if these are being targeted |
| What is the purpouse of the thymus? |
| To test Tcells to make sure they function properly |
| What is the steps to maturing a Tcell? |
| They enter cortex of thymus, tested by stromal and nurse cells mst be able to recognize self MHC1 or MHC2, if not apoptosis (killed)if they pass they move to medulla where they are tested by Dendritic cells and macs to make sure they dont bond to self antigens if do apoptosis, next they are tested to make sure they dont bond to tightly to MHC if pass all tests go on to secondary lymph organs |
| What is the spleen primarily composed of? |
| 50% Bcells 30-40% T lymphocytes |
| What is MHC1 or MHC2 |
| Antigen presenting cells |
| Where is MHC1 found Where is MHC2 found |
| MHC1 is found in all nucleated cells, MHC2 is found in macrophage/monocytes, dentritic cells, and B lymphocytes |
| What does MHC1 do? |
| Presents the epitopes determinates from endogenous antigens |
| What does MHC2 do? |
| The APC eats the pathogen fragments of the pathogen are deposited on the surface of the APC on the MHC2 it presents to the TH cells |
| What are the two types of T cells? |
TH cells TH1- these activate Tc cells and macs (cell mediated) TH2- activate Bcells (humoral) Tc cells- bind to cells with MHC1 and path. epitopes and kill them |
| What do B cells do? |
| Activated by Th2 cells turn into big plasma cells and produce antibodies, also can be antigen presenting cells |
| What are the two types of T lymphocytes? |
| Cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells |
| What are the coreceptors for the two types of T cells? |
| CD4 for TH cells and CD8 for TC cells |
| What type of MHC does TH cells interact with? |
| MHC 2 |
| What are the two types of TH cells? |
| TH1 and TH2 |
| What does a TH1 do? |
| release IL-2 and gamma interferon, and cell mediated response |
| What does TH2 do? |
| release IL-4 and IL-10, and stimulate B cell response |
| What MHC does TC cells interact with? |
| MHC1 |
| How do TC cells kill infected cells? |
| Attach to MHC1 then they release perforins which make a hole in the membrane,then release granzymes which enters cell and causes apoptosis, The cd95 on both cells join and also causes apoptosis |
| What cell activates B Cells? |
| TH2 cells |
| What does TH2 cells release to activate B cells? |
| IL-4 and IL-10 |
| What does TH1 release to activate TC cells? |
| IL-2 and gamma interferon |
| What is the first antibody released by the B cell? |
| IgM |
| Name the five different kinds of antibody |
| IgM,IgG,IgD,IgE,and IgA |
| What are the four functions of antibody's |
| Agglutination,Neutralization,Opsonization, and Activation of complement |
| What is it when an antibody is taking part in agglutination? |
| It binds the small pathogens into a lage enough bunch for phagocytosis |
| What is it when an antibody is participating in neutralization? |
| Antibodies bind to virus receptor sites so that the viru cannot bind to a healthy cell |
| What is it when an antibody is part of opsonization? |
| The antibody helps the pathogen bind to the phagocyte |
| What shape is the antibody IgM? what are its functions? |
| It is a pentamer and it takes part in Activation of complement, Agglutination, and Neutralization |
| What about IgMs shape inhibits it? |
| It is too large to enter tissue or cross placenta |
| What shape is IgG? and what are its functions? |
| The most commen antibody It is a monomer and it takes part in Agglutination, Neutralization, and activation of complement |
| What shape is IgA? and what is its functions? |
| It is a dimer and it takes part in Agglutination, and Neutralization |
| Where is IgA found? |
| In secretions such as milk and mucus membranes |
| What shape is IgE and what are ifts functions? |
| It is a monomer and it releases histamine,and binds to basophils to;fight parasitic worms, partly causes allergies |
| What is the shape of IgD cells and what are its functions? |
| No one knows |
| What are the four primary immunodeficiency diseases? |
| 1.Chronic Granulomatous Diseases 2.SCID 3.Di George Anomaly 4.Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia |
| What is the symptoms of Chronic Granulomatous disease? |
| Neutophils are defective, do not digest bacteria, fill up with bacteria and form granulomas |
| What are the symptoms of SCID? |
| No B-cells and no T-cells |
| What are the symptoms of Di George Anomaly? |
| The thymus does not develop so tcells dont develop remain resistant to bacterial diseases, cure with thymic stem cell transplant |
| What are the symptoms of Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia? |
| ;No antibodies Cannot make immunoglobulins, get recurant bacterial infections, resistant to viru, fungal and protozoa infections |
| What is allergies ? |
| Type 1 immediate hypersensitivity |
| which antibodies cause allergies? |
| IgE |
| What are the two steps of type 1 hypersensitivty? |
| Sensitization,and Degranulation |
| What are the chemicals inolved in type 1 hypersensitivity? |
a)histamine b)kinins c)proteases d)Leukotrines e)prostaglandins |
| How do you diagnose type one hypersensitiity? |
| skin test |
| What are the treatments for type 1 hypersensitivity? |
a)Antihistamines b)Corticoid steroids c)Epinephrine d)Allergy Shots |
| Wat are the two types of Type 2 hypersensitivity? |
1. Transfuion Reaction 2. The RH system |
| What is type3 Hypersensitivity? |
| When the ag and the ab come together and get stuck in tissue and attract mast cells and neutrophils,which causes degranulation and leads to inflamation and tissue damage |
| What does of type3 hypersensitivity cause? |
1. Hypersensitivity pneumonia 2.Glomerulonephritis |
