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I and I Test 2 – Extra Cards – Flashcards

Ashlynn Thompson

7 July 2022

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question

Th 1 Response

answer

INF gamma epitomizes Th 1 respone and prevents Th2
inducers of DCL? and IL-12 production
IL-2 promotes expansion of imune responses by promoting T, B and NK cell growth
important for viruses, intracellular bacteria, fungi, intracellular parasites and tumors
DCs have to be activated by infection ot get Th1 response
TLR ligants and TNF beta

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Th 17 Response

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immune response in presence of TGF?, IL-1, IL-6
IL-23 can activate in gut, rapid response by stimulation of neutrophils (anti bacterial and fungal)(promotes memory)
negatives are initiation and maintenence of Autoimmune disease (chrohns, rheumatoid arthritis)
IL-17 is what is released to epithelial cell to produce TNF, IL1, IL6 and activate neutrophils
IL-17 activates epithelial cells to make antimicrobial peptides and important for anti-fungal
IL-12 converts responses to Th1 and IL-4 to Th2
CD4 cells activated by IL-6 and 1 in presence of TGF?
excessive Th17 contributes to chronic infl. (rheumatoid arthritis)

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Th2 Responses

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No IL-12, instead IL-4 and 5 (also some IL-10)
promotes growth and class swithc (IgG, A, E)
antibodies w/o cellular responses
systemic, not local: vieremia and bacteremia
IL-5 promotes antibody production and T cell help for antibody class switch
response to inactivated vaccine
facilitates worm elimination (IgE and mucous)
negative aspects: IgE and allergies and inhibits Th1 (bad for mycobacterial infections)

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Papillomaviruses

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noneveloped circ dsDNA
cutaneous (warts, basal ganlgia) and mucosal (low risk and high risk) HPV
high risk is HPV 16 and 17
protein E6 inhibs P53 and E7 Retinoblastoma protein (immortalizing; HPV 16 and 17)
hallmark: koilocytes (enlarged, wrinkled nucleus)
PCR and blotting used to diagnose (papsmear
Vaccine has 10x more antibody production (esp mucosal IgA)

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Polyomaviruses

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nonenveloped dsDNA genome
rare diseases: PML (JC virus), Neuro prob (BK virus)
immunosuprresed at most risk
PML: goes resp, than viremia to kidney, and blood monocells, most infections are asymptomatic and not associated with tumors
BK: can kill transplant organs (kidney), brain tissue biopsy before, now PCR of CSF for diagnosis
no good treatment for BK; raise immune system
both worldwide, BK appears earlier than JC

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Parvovirus

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nonenv. linear ssDNA (3 genes)
smallest DNA virus to cause disease
must replicate in nuc of activ. dividing cell
human parvovirus is B19 virus
this virus makes prominant vacuoles in erythroid precursor cells and they eventually apoptos

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B19 Virus

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non enveloped ssDNA Parvovirus
attaches to erythrocyte P angtigen
replication lysis cell (erythropoesis interupt for week)
recovery correlates w/ IgM and IgG production
2-10% under 5; 40-60% adults
malaria sickle cell, thallasemia patients at risk for enemia from B19
causes hdrops fetalis or erythema infectiosum (slapped cheeks or 5th cheeks rash)
diagnose w/ IgM or viral DNA PCR (no vaccine)

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Adenoviruses
(intermediate size)

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non env linear dsDNA (codes for viral DNApol)
viral fiber attachment protein extends from capsid
attaches to cell w/ CAR receptor
RNA splicing required for mRNA
infects Resp, GI and eye (in regional lymph nodes)
can block IFN and supress MHC I (not tumor causing)
Resp most common in winter and spring(not epidem)
age effects presentation of virus (worse in older)
constant cough and conjunctivitis (pink eye)
must distinguish from strep: use hemagglutination or DNA alalysis
antiviral for ocular inf, none for resp and enteric vaccine for military
fecal oral, can be in pools

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Herpes Viruses

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large enveloped dsDNA
envelope made in golgi
produce virus or become latent
T cell necesary to control infection (causes sympts2)
active and passive viral escape (against Ab and cells)
antiviral therapy: DNApol, TK (HSV and VZV)
HSV, VZV (chicken pox and shingles), EBV, CMV, HHV6 and HHV8

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Herpes Simplex Virus

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enters cells by fusion, latent in neurons (LAT-RNA)
spread y cell-cell, syncytia or lysis
counteract IFN (PKR), inh DC act, block Ab binding and T cell apoptosis and use latency
Intranuclear Cowdry Type A inclusion bodies
whitlow (finger), gladitorum/rugbiorum (on back and chest), kerator conjunctiviis and can disseminate
Tzanck smear of vessicle fluid used to verify
A-cyclovirs used (TK and DNA pol inhs), no vaccine
child, neonates and immunosupr at risk (stress)

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Varicella Zoster Virus

(alpha herpes)

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primary (chick pox) worse in adults
Chicken Pox: start in lung than spread to skin by T cells, contagious 3 days b4 symps, long term immunity
Rash for Cpox goes macula, papules, vessicles, pustules and crust
Zoster: recurrent, virus replicate in entire dermatone, post herpetic neuralgia (pain)
resp and contact transmission (very contagious)
confirm with PCR
live vaccine and new adult vaccine for zoster
Varicella Zoster Immune Globulin (VZIG) vaccine (leuk child)
Acyclovir and (other cyclovirs)

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Epstein Barr Virus

(gamma Herpes)

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lymphotrophic (B cells)
can be immortalizing (in germinal center) and Lytic
binds to C3d rec on B cells
activated B cells have productive infection and espress EBNAs (1-6)
Memory B cells have latent infections (antigen stim promotes lytic cycle)
response is Tcell hyperplasia (contagious mono)
downey cells are characteristic
stim viral b cells can make IgM that is a Heterophilic Ab [Paul Bunnel Ag]
EBV more severe in adults, leukemia/lymphoma in immunosuppresed
no effective treatment or prevention

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Mononucleolus

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Epstein Barr Virus (EBV): Herpes Virus
swollen glands and exudative pharyngitis
headache fatigue and fever
Triad: lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and exudative pharyngitis
confirm w/ CBC: hyperplasia and Downey Cells
best is heterophilic Ab: paul bunnel antigen (sheep, horse, bovine)

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African Burkitt's Lymphoma

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Epstein Barr Virus: Herpes Virus
immortalizes Germinal Center B cells
malarial asociation
C-mye oncogene translocation to Ig Promotor
immunologically invisible tumor cell
treatable w/ cytoxan

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Beta Herpes

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ubiquitous (latent in 50% of population); opportunist
most common cause of viral disease in AIDS patients
Broad tissue tropism; mono-like in imunocompetant
Congenital CMV: neonates are small, hearing loss, retarded, organ and CNS sequale
can cause activation and rejection in transplant
Large cell (cytomegaly) and Basophilic (Owl's eye) nuclear inclusion bodies
asymp and can be STD
treatment: polymerase inhs: Gancyclovir,Valganciclovir and cidofovir (not nice drugs)

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HHV6

(beta herpes)

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ubiquotos, lymphotrophic
causes Roseola (slapped face rash)
4-7 day incubation, scare mom fever, and than rash (immune response)
in 1% of population HHV6 is on there telomerase of cells (influences health negatively)

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HHV8

(gamma Herpes)

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Kaposi's Sarcoma associated viruses
stimulates growth of cells by making analogue of growth factor
only happens in immunosupressed patients (AIDS)
not ubiquitous (opposite of HHV6)

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Picronavirus

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nonenv linear ssRNA (+): codes for viralRNApol, proteases
polio and rhino are Ig supergene family
fecal-oral route (most innaparent)
may spread to liver, bone marrow, spleen and major is CNS (ant horn of spine)
lytic destruction of nerve cells leads to muscle paralysis (poliomyelitis): brain stem in resp paral.
Polio, Coxsacki, Echovirus, and Rhinovirus (ICAM attachment in nasopharynx)

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Poliovirus

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picornavirus (non env ssRNA +)
post poliomyeltis syndrome: yrs later new muscle weakness, pain, atrophy and fatigue; theory that surviving cells become overworked
extensive replication in gut leads to high conc. in stool
7-10 day incubation, found in stool for 3-6 weeks
nasal IgA goes way up in live vaccine

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Coxsackie Virus (A and B)

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Picornavirus (linear nonenv ssRNA +)
Group A: hyperangina, fever, soar throat and tender vessicles in mouth and skin (Rush)
hand, foot, mouth disease, and accute conjunctivits
Group B: (for body): pleurodynia, sever chest pain with fever
myocarditis(some lead to heart failure)
upper resp infection (esp group A); may be epidemic

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Echovirus

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picornavirus (non enveloped ssRNA +)
leading cause of aseptic meningitis (nonbacterial)
long term outcomes of abnormalities or sequelae not found
genearally young and infants hit most

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Caliciviruses

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non env ssRNA + that is Cl resistant
fecal oral: also person-person transmission
Norovirus
1-2 day incubation with 1-2 day disease
most common cause of accute gastroenteritis in humans (all ages)
high genetic variability leads to poor or not lasting immunity
dagnosis w/ stool samples and RT-PCR
almost 50% of food borne illnes (Cruise ships)

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Coronavirus (CoV)

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enveloped with Spike (glyco)proteins: can enter GI
largest ssRNA (+), capped and adenylated
causes resp (30% of upper resp inf) and enteric
typically disrupts ciliated epithelium and causes common cold
2-3 day incubation than malaise, headache, and rhinorea, sneezing, pos. fever and GI symp
replication restricted at 37C so limited to Upper resp Tract
Lasts 7 days
SARS and MERS is also coronavirus

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SARS and MERS

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unlike normal coronavirus, can replicate at 37C so can infect upper and rest of lung (lower)
epithelial destruction and increased macrophages in lungs; cytokine dysregulation
Zoonitic origin
high fever, headache, body ache, diarrhea, viral pneumonia, flu like: rapid progression
# of viruses increase over 1-2 weeks(incubation) allowing for transmission
seroconversion (Ab) after 1st week of illness
treatment is disease control and artificial ventilation

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Reoviruses

(rotovirus)

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non-env segmented dsRNA with double capsid
cytoplasmic replication and results in cell lysis
immune response againts VP7 and VP4 on outer
VP6 on inner and used for classification
winter, person-person (fecal-oral), 2 day incubation
infects villus cells(absorp)of small intestine and stim enteric NS (enterotoxin NSP4)
diarrhea can go from mild to fatal (no blood or leuk)
local Ab prim. protection (memory prevents against severity but not reinfection)
Triad: Vommiting, diarrhea and high grade fever
treat w/ fluids and diagnose w/ ELISA
2 vaccines: VP7 and VP4

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Hypersensitivities

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Type I: Allergies, Th2 cells stim IgE production
Type II: frustrated phagocytes, opsinization or anomalous activation of recepter by Ab, local autoimmune
Type II furstrated phagocytes: pemphigus vulgaris (blisters), goodpasturs syndrome (nephritis), and acute rheumatic fever (mycarditis and arhtritis)
Type III: immune complex formation and trapped complexes, systemic autoimmune, arthus rx and serum sickness
Type IV: T cells and damage by cytokines or Tcell cytolysis: poison ivy, PPD test, hypersensitivity pneumonitis

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Hemolytic Disease of Neworn

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Type II Hypersensitivity
occurs in Rh - mothers
first pregnancy w/ Rh + child creates memory antibodies
2nd pregnancy IgG can cross placenta and attack babies RBcs causing anemia
treat mother with Anti-D titer (anti Rh +) which will kill the babies Rh + before mothers cells mount defense against it

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Type II Hypersensitivity

other diseases

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Frustrated Phagocytes: Pemphigus vulgaris (blisters), Goodpastures syndrome (nephritis), and Acute Rheumaic Fever (mycarditis)
Ab activating or inhibiting: myasthenia gravis, Grave's Disease (hyperthyroid), pernicous anemia (attacks cells that make Intrinsic Factor that normally allows absorption)

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Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

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Type IV hypersensitivity
Farmers lung, humidifiers lung, pidgeon breeders lung
inhaltion of orgainc dust containing spores, thermophilic bacteria, fungi or animal proteins
ong going type IV reaction leads to granulomata and fibrosis of lungs

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Transplant Rejection Types

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Hyper Acute Rejection: prexisting antibody in circ (Type II reaction)
Acute Antibody Mediated Reaction: Humoral Response
Acute T Cell Mediated Reaction: Type IV hypersensitivity, treatable (anti-C3D Ab)
Chronic Antibody Rejection: progressive damage to vascular system, scarring, 10yr donation lifespan
Graft vs Host disease: immunosuppress if happening

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Poxvirus

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large enveloped linear dsDNA (boxcar)
oval brick shaped w/ dumbell shaped viral core containing DNA
inside nucleocapsids lacking outer env. may be sequestered into inclusion bodies
entire pox virus replication happens in cytoplasm
Virus binds to GAG rec on host cell
core DNA released into cytoplasm
early genes produce enzymes for DNA replication
late genes for structural proteins
assembly of virus, release by lysis
Smallpox, vaccina, molluscum contagiousm, monkeypox, orf virus, cowpox

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Smallpox

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replicates in upper resp tract, than spreads to local lymph nodes
asymp viremia on day 3-4, spread to bone marrow, spleen and liver
2nd viremia day 8, fever and toxic appearnce
virus becomes localized in blood vessels or dermis, produce erruption of pocks
Erruptive phase: lesions on mucous membrane in mouth, tongue, palate and oropharynx; simultaneous outbreak of rash on face, proximal extremities, trunk and distal extremities
maculas, papules, vesicles and pustules, crust: heal with depigmentation
vomiting, diarrhea and bleeding
30-50% mortality due to coagulopathy, hypotension, multiorgan failure
Diagnosis: virus formation from fluid of lesions, growth on embryoid eggs, pocks appear or charioallantonic membrane
vaccinate: during or before first week, Vaccinia immune globulin (VIG)
antiviral drug (Cidofavir; NT analogue)

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Vaccina Virus

(orthopoxvirus)

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used as vaccine for smallpox
can be spread by close contact
used as expression vector to produce live recombinant vaccines (hybridized with G proteins of rabies)
many stories about contact infection
from people recently vaccinated (military)
eczema vaccinatum

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Molluscum Contagiousum

(molluscipoxvirus)

answer

chronic localized infection, consists of flesh colored, dome shaped papules on skin; wart like lesions w/ central umbilication
2-8 weeks incubation (long compared to others)
transmited by sex, contact sports, fomites
effects immunocompromised
appears anywhere except palms and soles
char. eosinophillic cytopl. inclusion bodies (molluscum bodies)
liquid nitrogen, blistering agent and cream used

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Monkeypox

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rash similar to small pox, appear comonely on volar surfaces (palms and soles)
person-person spread; incidental host
reservoir possibly african rodents (from animal blood or bite)
fever and pustular rash developed after contact w/ praire dog
rash, fever, chills, lyphodenopathy (only one), headache and myalgias
diagnosis w/ virus isolation, PCR , ELISA
Cidofovir or ST-246
vaccine using vaccinia

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Orf Virus

(pox virus)

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zoonotic (sheep and goat), parapoxvirus endemic to most countries
infection appears as painless ulcerative or vesicular legion, commonly fingers after occupational exposure
self limiting in hosts w/ normal immune system
Bulla caused by orf virus after puncture by a bone or recently slaughtered goat
lesions are nodular and granulomatous
histo shows intraepithelial balloning and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies; ovid cros hatch
PCR for definite diagnosis
prevent with barrier and hand hygeine

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Cowpox Virus

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related to vaccina virus
lesions are localized and pustular may resemble mild smallpox
produces immunity to small pox
reservoir is rodents
infections 1st via contact w/ infected teats; now from pet cats, rats and mice
lesions usually remain localized and self limiting
lesions are nodular and hemorrhagic
presence of 2 types of inclusion bodies
irregular B type inclusion bodies
LArge, numerous, homogenous, acidophilic A type inclusion bodies
lesion regress spontaneously; Vacc Ig
barrier and proper handwashing

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Paramyxovirus

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pleomorphic, sometimes filamentous
enveloped linear ssRNA (-), forms syncytium
env has 2 glycoproteins: F and H/HN/G
uses F protein to fuse viral envelope with cell
viral attachment proteins interact w/ CD46 and CD150 that are on leukeocytes
exits by budding
measles, mumps, parainfluenza, RSV

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Measles Virus

(paramyxovirus)

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only 1 antigenic type; short survival in air/objects but highly infections (90%)
aerosals/nasal secr to resp tract infection, contagious till 2-4 days after rash
replic in nasopharynx and regional lymph: forms multinucleated giant cells (syncytia)
Prodromal period with 3Cs: coryza, conjunctivitis, cough
Koplik's spots: blue white centsers inside mouth 1-2 days before rash
Rash: begins on face and head, spreads downward
30% have complications w/ common ones being diarrhea, otitis media and pneumonia
live attenuated vaccine for measles and mumps

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Measles Complications

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accute measles encephalitis: virus in CNS and involves autoimmune encephalitis (why we vaccinate)
Post measles encephalitis: allergic response to measles antigen in CNS
SSPE: neurological infecation: always fatal
Measles in malnourished (vit A def): co infection common, severe cases

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Mumps Virus

(paramyxovirus)

answer

resp dorplets, upper resp infection
viremia infects various tissues (esp parotids)
fever, malaise and headache 7-10 days
rapid enlargement of the parotid glands
increased complications about age 15: orchitis and oophoritis (enlargement) in post pubertal; deafness (usually unilateral and permanent)
before vaccine it was the leading cause of viral encephalitis

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Human Parainfluenza Virus

(paramyxovirus)

answer

infect resp epithel., 3-6 day incubation and has virus for a month
HPIVs antigen stable types differ in features and season of attack
Humagluttinin neuraminidase
Bronchitis: up resp, malaise, headache, persistant cough (productive after 2 days); self limiting
Broncholitis: atelectasis (missing gas fromw hole or part of lung), wheezing, tachypnea (rapid breathing), and cyanosis in severe cases
Croup: first up resp tract, sore throat, high fever, than lower resp tract producing laryngeal and tracheal spasms; has hoarse barking cough

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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

(paramyxovirus)

answer

major cause of lower resp infection; innoculation being nose and eye
fomites involved in transmision (nosocomial)
may produce serious illness, even w/ maternal Ab against it (bronchoiolitis; pneumonia)
Bronchiolitis: mainly infants less than 6 months
sharp rise in temp 2-3 days after up resp tract
necrosis of epith of bronchioles
lumen of small airways become obstructed w/ dad cells and excess mucus
repeated infections common
confirm with IF of nasal wash
treat with Ribavirin

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Orthomyxovirus Structure

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eveloped ssRNA with 8 segments
Three types: A, B, and C
Hemaglutinin(HA): binds to host sialic acid, allowing endocytosis into endosome, conform change in HA unleases fusion peptide that allows release of viral RNP into cytoplasm
nucleocapsid: steals mRNA caps from host mRNA so that host transcribes viral mRNA
Neuraminidase (NA): elution of virus from infect cell surface and inhibits dumbing
M2: ion channel active import in virus for pH
NS-1: IFN antagonist
PB2, PB1 and PA: viral polymerase genes; mutation in genes relevant to viral adaption and virulence

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Influenza Virus

(orthomyxovirus)

answer

Transmitted by resp droplets to Up resp tract
cytokines cause most symptoms: can be complic
direct involv of U and L resp tract accounts for much of illness:: damages bronchial epith (lyses); lowers mucociliary clearence
Adults: rapid onset, fever, chills, headach, unprod cough, traid (cough, fever, prostration)
Children: fever, rhinitis and half vomit and diarrhea (uncommon in adults)
Elderly: confusion, weariness, nasal congestion usually only symptoms
now bedside test for nucleoprotein antigens
2-3 type A vaccine and a Type B: HA protein used
antiviral drugs in first 48 hours (only type A)

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SLE (Lupis)

answer

ulcerative skin lesions
LE cell: neutrophil engulfed Ab coated cell nucleus
autoantiboides: ANA and anti-DNA
ANA tested on HEp-2 or ELISA (sensitive but not specific)
Anti-DNA detected by Crithidia luciliae or ELISA (specific but not sensitive)
Postive diagnosis of 4 positives out of all 11 criteria

question

Scleroderma

answer

autoimmune disease
hardening or thickening of skin
diffuse or limiting
organs: Lungs, GI and Kidneys
CREST variant: calcinosis, Raynuds phenomena, esophageal involvement, sclerodactyly and telangiotasia
ANA, Nuclear pattern (anti-RNA) used to diagnose
centromere pattern in CREST on HEp-2 Cells
SCL70csd-1: anticentromere antibody

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Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

answer

90% female, usually age 30-35
pruritis(itchy skin), dark urine and hepatomegaly
later bone pain, hyperpigmentation and cirrhosis
associated with CREST and PSS(if one autoimmune disease, increased chance of others)
Anti-mitoch. Ab (also in App 10-15% of CAH)
IgM polyclonally increased in 80-90%
plasma cells in portal region of liver (not assoc with Hep Virus)

question

Autoantibodies associated w/

Celiac Disease

answer

Anti-Reticulin Ab
Anti-Giladin Ab
Anti-endomysial Ab (immunofluorescence)
Anti-tissue transglutaminase
ELISA, IFA and multiplex
IFA is subjective (microscope), but can see cases others might not

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Arbovirus

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enveloped ssRNA (+), vector borne (mosquito)
local replication in vascular endothelium, lymph; than viremia
fever, chills, headache, muscle aches; may asymptomatic
followed by movt to muscles, joints, skin and brain
if in CNS: neuronal necrosis w/ neurophagia
most replicate in both arthropod and vertebrate host (can winter in larvae/eggs)
viral encephalitis possible (children more likely to survive)
adults have sequelae of paralysis, mental debility and seizure
equine enceph, western equine and West nile (looks like polio)
Hemorrhagiv fever: high fever and bleeding in organs, GI and in severe cases shock; diagnose with IgM serology (hard to culture)
Togavirus and Flavivirus

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Togavirus

(arbovirus)

answer

enveloped ssRNA (+)
E1 and E2 viral glycoproteins on envelope
makes polyprotein that gets cleaved: leads to subgenomic transcription to cause less cell stress
febrile illness, rash, arthritis
CNS encephalitis
Rubella and Congenital Rubella

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Flavivirus

answer

arbovirus
also E1 and E2 viral glycoproteins on envelope (ssRNA+)
yellow fever
Alpha virus (Equine Enceophalitis family)
West Nile dead end in humans but dengue and yellow fever (live vaccine) can go erson to person
no subgenomic RNA (unlike Toga)
also Hep C

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West Nile Virus

answer

Flavivirus
mosquito vector and bird reservoir
cases down but meningitis and encephalitis is on the rise
highly neuovirulent strain out there (2003)
Hemorrhagic Fever? (property of arboviruses)
Risk Factors: hypertension, imuno suppression and cardiovascular problems
humans are a dead end host
meningitis, fever, encephalitis, reversible paralysis, neuroinvasive

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Dengue Virus

answer

Flavivirus: 4 viral serotypes
sudden onset of fever, headache, myalgia, rash, nausea and vommiting (usually self limited)
musculoskeletal pain (bonebreak fever)
severe cases cause shock and death: may be due to secondary serotype infection or inflamation and reduced Cardiac output
Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) and Dengue hemorrhage Fever (DHF)
urban disease in tropics: humans and A. aegypt (mosquito that bites humans
major world health problem

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Rubella Virus

answer

Togavirus (not arbovirus because not vector borne)
mild childhood rash
resp tract infection spread by resp route
viremia develops
If infected in first trimester, high probability of Congenital Rubella Syndrome in baby
no vector: human to human
also called german measles

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Congenital Rubella Syndrome

answer

rubella infection in first trimester can spread to placenta and fetus
in fetal infection virus can multiply and damage almost any organ system
slows rate of cell growth and may help produce chromosomal abnormalities
severe damage: deafness, blindness, hearing and brain defects (15-30% chance of this)

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Bunyaviruses

answer

enveloped, ssRNA (-); 3 Segments
uniquely cytocidal for vertebrate cells but not mosquitos
Large RNA seg (polymerase), Medium (glycoprotein), small (capsid) (allow for reassortment w/ dif strains)
Lacrosse virus, Hantaan and Sin Nombre

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Lacrosse Virus

answer

Bunyavirius (orthobunyavirus)
acute infection; short incubation 3-7 day
fever, malaise; viremia
encphalitis and siezures pathogenesis involves viral glycoproteins G1 and G2
chipmunks and squirels reservoir
children ( ;15) dead end common hosts
encephalitis in late sumer is suspect
IgM Ab or 4 fold inc in IgG btw early or late serum
rapid diagnosis is vital
give them Abs (supportive care)
acyclovir and brain biopsy unescesarily done a lot
prepare family for possible sequelaes

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Hantan Viruses

answer

3 circ ssRNA (-) seg
transmission to humans by inhalation or aerosals from infected rodent poop
bot acute syndromes assocated w/ acute thrombocytopenia and changes in vacular permeability (endothelial)
Sin Nombre caues Hemorrhagic pulmonary syndrome and cardiopulmonary syndrome
Hantaan virus causes Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
not nosocomial

question

Sin Nombre

answer

a hantan bunyavirus
fever, myalgia and abdominal pain
pulmonary edema and resp failure
Hemorrhagic Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS): diff primary organ target
lack of widespread hemorrhage compared to Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
cardiopulmonary hemorrhage

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Hantaan Virus

answer

hantan virus of the bunyavirus family
fever, chills, lethargy
hemorrhagic and renal failure
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS)
not nosocomial

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Arenaviruses

answer

spherical envelope, 2 seg ssRNA, ambisense (+/-) RNA on same strand
virus binds to alpha-dystroglycan; cytoplasmic replication
mainly rodent hosts, humans accidental (lab and hospital infections reported)
transmitted by exposure to infected rodent poop
nosocomial
6-20 day incubation
produce humorrhagic fever w/ necrosis of liver (like yellow fever)
hemorrhage due to inflammation, not virus
Lassa virus, South American arenavirus, lymphatic choriomeningitis virus
treat Lassa with Ribavirin

question

Types of Arenavirus

answer

Lassa Virus : Lass Fever
South American Arenavirus : Humorragic Fever mortality 15-30%
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus : Meningitis, organ transplant failure and Fetal hydrocephalus

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