Exam Four – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| URT |
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| Upper Respiratory Tract |
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| LRT |
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| Lower Respiratory Tract |
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| A defensive mechanism to clear microbes or foreign material from the airways via the ciliated epithelium |
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| Mucociliary Clearance |
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| What bacteria causes strep throat? |
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| Streptococcus Pyogenes. GAS (group A strep) |
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| What part of the throat does strep throat affect? |
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| The soft palate |
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| If not treated, this can lead to kidney (nephritis)/heart problems (endocarditis) which can lead to rheumatic fever. |
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| Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat) |
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| Strep grows on blood agar plates because it is ____ or is able to break down RBC's |
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| Hemolytic |
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| Bacterial disease spread through respiratory droplets. Involves normal microbiota, is an opportunistic pathogen. Can be a secondary infection after a viral infection. If not treated, leads to heart/kidney problems |
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| Strep Throat (streptococcus pyogenes) |
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| What bacteria causes diptheria? |
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| Corynebacterium diptheriae |
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| This bacterial disease (from club shaped bacteria-pallisade arrangement) leads to an infection of the throat and tongue and involves a pseudomembrane. Is no longer a part of human microbiota. Is spread by respiratory droplets |
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| Diptheria |
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| What is the vaccine for diptheria? |
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| Dtap |
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| Is formed of mucus, dead tissue, WBC's, dead cell debris, etc. Name also what disease it is instrumental in. |
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| Pseudomembrane; diptheria |
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| What bacteria causes epiglottitis? |
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| Haemophilus influenzae |
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Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:
Streptococcus pyogenes |
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| Strep Throat |
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Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:
Corynebacterium diptheriae |
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| Diptheria |
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Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:
Haemophilus influenzae |
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| Epiglottitis |
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| Causes stridor in those infected (wheezing on inspiration/expiration that causes a high pitched sound). Can lead to shortness of breath, risk of airway losing patency. Frequent secondary invader to viral influenza. |
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| Epiglottitis (haemophilus influenzae) |
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| What is the vaccine developed for epiglottitis? |
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| Hib vaccine (haemophilus influenzae b vaccine) |
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Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:
Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae & moraxella catarrhalis, staph, strep; less commonly gram neg. bacteria |
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| Sinusitis |
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| Bacterial infection (sometimes viral) that can be acute or chronic. Is caused when normal microbiota overgrows and takes over. Less common to be caused by gram neg. bacteria. Hib vaccine can help reduce. |
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| Sinusitis |
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| What vaccine can be used to help reduce incidences/severity of sinusitis? |
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| Hib vaccine |
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| What are chronic infections of sinusitis usually related to? |
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| Allergies, repeated secondary infection |
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| Bacterial infection of the outer ear. (from outside up to the tympanic membrane which is also known as the ear drum) Must be treated with topical antibiotics. |
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| Swimmers ear. |
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Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:
Staph, strep, pseudomonas (outer disease) |
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| Swimmer's ear |
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| What bacteria commonly cause swimmer's ear? (3) |
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| Staph, strep, pseudomonas |
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| What bacteria commonly cause a middle ear infection? |
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S. pneumoniae H. infuenzae |
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| Commonly occurs following a throat infection because bacteria can grow up into the eustacian tubes that drain the ear. |
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| Middle ear infection |
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| Eustacian tubes can become clogged with bacteria and mucus. Causes the ear drum to become inflammed; this is known as what? |
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| Acute otitis media. (can also have long term or chronic otitis media - much more dangerous and run the risk of becoming deaf from damage to the middle ear) |
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| This is a bacterial infection (can also be viral or fungal) of the tissues that surround the brain and the spinal cord. When something has gotten past the blood/brain barrier there is also a risk of brain infection. Transmitted when in close contact with others for extended periods of time. Often do a spinal tap and analyze CSF. Spread by respiratory droplets. Treated with IV antibiotics. |
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| Bacterial meningitis |
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Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:
Neisseria meningitidis, other gram negative cocci |
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| Bacterial meningitis |
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| What bacteria causes bacterial meningitis? |
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| Nesseria meningitdis; other gram negative cocci |
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| How is bacterial meningitis detected? |
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| Spinal tap and analysis of CSF |
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| What vaccine has reduced cases of bacterial meningitis? |
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| Pneumonococcal Vaccine |
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| In the lining of epithelial tissue, this bacteria can be phagocytized but then it uses the WBC as a "trojan horse" to sneak past the body's immune defenses (tissue barrier) into the blood stream. Also, what two diseases are associated with this? |
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Neisseria Bacterial Menigitis; Gonorrhea |
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| What bacteria causes TB? |
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| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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| Tuberculosis (TB) |
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| This bacterial disease is characterized by chronic cough with blood tinged sputum, fever, night sweats. It is spread by respiratory droplets. 50% of the cases are in Southern Africa. Treated with a very long course of antibiotics. |
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| Tuberculosis (TB) |
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| This disease makes pockets within the lungs. Identify the disease and what these pockets are known as. |
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| Tuberculosis; tubercules |
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Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis |
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| Bronchitis |
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| Can be acute or chronic. Inflammation of the bronchi. Patients will cough up mucus. In cigarette smokers, they run a high risk of emphsyema which leads to COPD. |
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| Bronchitis |
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| Microbial disease of the bronchials and lungs. It is caused by many different bacteria but most often it is caused by streptococcus pneumoniae. Can be hospital or community acquired. In this disease fluid fills the sacs (alveoli) in lungs and prevents gas exchange from occuring and patient essentially drowns |
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| Pneumonia |
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Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:
Many different ones can cause it; most commonly streptococcus pneumoniae |
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| Pneumonia |
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| This disease, which is hospital acquried, is a potentially fatal pneumonia that is caused by a gram negative bacteria that is carried by amoeba that thrive in stagnant water. Particularly a problem with patients who are on ventilators. |
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| Legionnaires disease |
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| This is part of female microbiota that creates a lower pH in the vagina. Plays a role in acquiring STD's. |
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| Lactobacillus |
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Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:
Propionibacterium acnes |
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| Acne. Acne bacteria likes acidic environments; plays a large role in puberty |
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| This is a bacterial STD that is easily treatable. It doesn't really present with symptoms at the beginning of infection. Can cause urethritis, PID, ectopic pregnancy, nenonatal pneumonia/conjunctivitis. Most common STD globally and most frequently reported in the US. Caused by gram neg bacteria |
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| Chlamydia |
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| What antibiotics is chlamydia commonly treated with? |
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| Tetracyclines, azrithromycin, or erythromycin |
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| What bacteria causes Chlamydia? |
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| Chlamydia trachomatis |
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Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:
Chlamydia trachomatis |
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| Chlamydia |
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Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:
Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
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| Gonorrhea |
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| What bacteria causes gonorrhea? |
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| Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
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| What are the two diseases that are caused by Neisseria? |
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| Gonorrhea ; meningitis |
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| This is an STD that can lead to PID in women. Caused by gram - bacteria and is treated with beta lactam antibiotics. Second most reported STD in US, symptoms are more acute in males and therefore they seek diagnosis and treatment more readily. |
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| Gonorrhea (neisseria gonorrhoeae) |
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| What kind of antibiotics are prescribed for treatment of gonorrhea? |
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| Beta lactam antibiotics |
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Infections caused by gram + or gram - bacteria. Gram pos. (saprophyticus) Gram neg. (psuedomonis, ecoli) Often a result for women after sex. |
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| UTI's |
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| Often a nosocomial infection. Spread by indirect contact with fecal contamination. Spores are involved in this disease and are very viable outside of the body. Development of pseudomembrane in colon, blocks nutrient absorption in patients. |
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| C.Diff |
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| Enteric disease that is treated wtih metronidazole or vancomycin; fecal transplants |
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| C.diff |
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| These are skin infections that can be spread by indirect or direct contact. Some species are pathogenic and some are not, there are over 30. The pathogenic species have a large set of virulence factors. Infection is characerized by localized collection of pus known as an abcess, boil, or furnucle. |
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| Staph infection |
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Identify the type of staph infection:
Causes a crusting of the skin |
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| Impetigo |
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Identify the type of staph infection:
Inflammation of the deeper layers of skin and CT under the skin, leading to swelling and redness of the area |
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| Cellulitis |
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Identify the type of staph infection:
Skin becomes red, wrinkled, and tender to the touch with a sandpaper appearance. Skin may just peel off. |
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| Scalded Skin Syndrome |
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Identify the type of staph infection:
Characterized by sudden fever and circulatory collapse, watery diarrhea, vomiting, sore gthroat, muscle aches, sunburn like rash. |
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| Toxic shock syndrome |
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Identify the type of staph infection:
inflammation of the breast caused by an infection in the breast feeding ducts |
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| Mastitis |
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| Can be caused by bacteria or virus. Commonly known as "pink eye" If bacterial, it is commonly seen in both eyes and eyes will have "crusty" appearance when you wake up in the morning |
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| Conjunctivitis (bacterial) |
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| Name two mycobacterium diseases. |
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| TB and leprosy |
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| Disease that is not prevelant in the US. Caused by mycobacterium. Has to live and survive in host cells. At the worst point of disease, extremities fall off (slightly lower temp range than 37 degrees F) Spread by nasal secretions. Does not have a solid shape (pleomorphic) Produces a waxy layer of mycolic acid; virulence factor |
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| Leprosy |
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What disease is caused by the following bacteria:
Mycobacterium leprae |
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| Leprosy |
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| What bacteria causes leprosy? |
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| Mycobacterium leprae |
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| A metabolic poison, produced chiefly by gram negative bacteria that are part of the bacterial cell wall and consequently are released on cell disintegration. Composed of lipid polysaccharide peptide complexs |
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| Endotoxin |
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| A bacterial metabolic poison composed of protein that is released to the environment; in the human body it can affect various organs and systems |
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| Exotoxin |
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| A toxin that is active in the GI tract of the host. |
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| Enterotoxin |
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| What kind of toxin is S. Aureus in foods? |
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| Enterotoxin |
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| Illness of the bowels that causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. Food poisoning. Infected from others natural microbiota. Keep hot foods hot and cold foods hot. Likes to grow at middle temps. |
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| Staph Aureus (enterotoxin) |
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| Enterotoxin that causes food poisoning. Is commonly a meat contaminate of ground beef (ground beef surface area has greatly increased in processing-leading to more chances of being infected by bacteria) Is a spore forming toxin. |
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| Clostridium perfringens |
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| A toxin that can cause food poisoning. Grows in "cloud-like" formations on agar plates |
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| Bacillus cereus |
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| This is a spore forming toxin that can grow in improperly canned food. Causes symmetric flaccidity of voluntary muscles. |
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| Clostridum botulinum, causes botulism |
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| What cosmetic drug is derived from clostridium botulinum? |
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| Botox |
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| Causes GI disease in humans, can also cause GI disease in dogs. |
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| Campylobacter jejuni |
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| Causes ulcers. Antibiotics can treat these. |
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| Heliobacter pylori |
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| Shiga toxin that infects intestines is produced. Causes about 1 million deaths across the world per year. AKA dysentary |
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| Shigella |
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| Shiga toxin producing e.coli. Found in cattle, do not cause disease in cattle though. |
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| E.Coli O157:H7 |
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| Typhoid fever organism |
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| Salmonella |
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| Gram negative, comma shaped bacterium that causes GI disease that leads to very watery diarrhea. Greatest risk is dehydration. Has a long tail and is very motile. Produces an enterotoxin. Transmitted through dirty water (fecal/oral) |
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| Cholera |
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| Treatments for this disease include rehydration, IV fluids, antibiotics, zinc supplements |
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| Cholera |
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| Disease by helminths is disease by what? |
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| Worms! |
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| This fungus causes yeast and thrush infections |
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| Candidiasis |
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| Fungal skin disease that causes ring shaped lesions. This is because infection starts with a spore of fungus and grows outward. Transmitted through moist, fomite objects. Can also be spread from animals |
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| Ringworm (tinea) |
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| While there are many types of ringworm, what fungus causes it? |
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| Tinea (pedis, capitis, cruris, unguium, etc) |
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| Unicellular fungi. Can cause vaginal infection and infection of the tongue/throat. Forms pseudohyphae and spreads through this. |
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| Yeast infection (candida albicans) |
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| What is the fungus that causes yeast infections? |
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| Candida albicans |
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| What are yeast infections treated with? |
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Vaginal - monistat, amphotericin B, nystatin Thrush - nystatin |
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| This is a fungal infection that causes lung disease of the lower respiratory tract. Found in NYC where window air conditioners were used and spread through bird droppings. Acquired through inhalation |
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| Cryptococcosis (cryptococcus neoformans) |
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| This is a fungal infection of the LRT that causes ohio valley lung disease. It is local and is found from bats, caves, chicken coops, spread by spores. |
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| Histoplasmosis (histoplasma capsulatum) |
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| This is a fungal cause of LRT lung disease that causes valley or desert fever. |
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| Coccidiodomycosis |
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| What drug is commonly used to combat fungal infections? |
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| Amphotercin B |
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| What does Amphotericin B attack? What must we be careful of when we use this drug? |
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| It attacks the sterol type membrane of cells. This causes cells to become leaky which results in cell death. Since these are eukaryotic and this drug is selectively toxic, we must ensure that the theraputic dose is low because it is decently toxic to humans |
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| What is the drug that is used to treat many protozoan infections and how does it work? |
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| Metronidazole; attacks many enzymes |
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| Protozoan infection in which a cyst forms and enters host through food or water. Travelers acquire this often. Avoid fruit and water in foreign countries. |
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| Amoebic dysentery |
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| Blood disease that needs 2 hosts to survive. Needs humans and mosquitoes to be transmitted. Disease is transmitted by insects (insect vector) It is hard to control because we cannot control insects very well. |
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| Malaria |
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| What is the genus of mosquito that carries malaria? |
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| Amophelus |
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| What is the protozoan infection that causes malaria? |
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| Plasmodium |
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| Saliva glands in mosquitoes transmit _____ into human blood stream. These then infect liver cells and transform into ____ |
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Sporozites Mesozoites |
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| If an invidual carries __ copie(s) of _____ they are more protected against malaria |
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| 1 copy; sickle cell anemia |
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| What are the immune cells that play a role in HIV? |
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| Helper T cells; these have the CD-4 receptor on them. |
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| What animal did HIV come from? |
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| Chimpanzees |
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| What cells kill HIV infected T cells? |
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| Cytotoxic T cells. Damage to T cells causes WBC's to lyse which accounts for why HIV patients are so immunocompromised. |
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| Infections acquired after HIV are known as what? What do they lead to? |
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| Secondary infections; lead to AIDS (syndrome that arises from HIV infection, make take many years to come about) |
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| What is the virus that leads to burketts lymphoma and kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients? |
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| HHV-8. This is a herpes virus |
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| The viral genome that enters the host cell is RNA. Carries reverse transcriptase. |
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| Reterovirus; this is how the HIV virus is |
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| Takes the RNA and transcribes it to something else. It reverse transcribes it into DNA so that it can be inserted into the host cell's DNA. Allows it to be latent for awhile |
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Reverse transcriptase
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| Enzyme that takes the DNA reverse transcriptase made and integrates it into the host cell's DNA |
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| Integrase |
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| Is HIV enveloped or non enveloped? |
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| Enveloped |
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| Antigen on the outside of the HIV cell that is a coreceptor for CD-4. If we can block this, we can slow the spread of disease. |
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| GP120 |
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| What is the antiviral drug that can help block the spread of HIV? |
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| Aclyvoir |
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| What is the gene that helps protect against HIV? |
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| CCR5 |
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| What is the reservoir for ebola? |
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| Fruit bats |
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| Very detrimental disease that is a virus and causes hemorrhagic fever; RNA virus |
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| Ebola |
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| Intracellular particles that are either DNA or RNA |
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| Viruses |
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| The virus is specific to host and tissue |
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| Tropism |
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| Bovine spungiform encephalitis |
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| Mad Cow disease |
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| Naked "RNA" fragments of nucleic acids, found infecting potatoes, only about 359 nucleotides. Associated mostly with plants |
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| Viroids |
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| Associated with humans. Involved in brain deterioration. proteins that are being produced get a kink and are folded in the wrong way. Kink more and almost become a self-replicating protein |
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| Prions |
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| What do these diseases come from? CJD, cattle BSE |
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| Prions |
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| Common cold virus. ssRNA about 100 different strains. Spread by respiratory droplets |
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| Rhinovirus |
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| Virus that causes pink eye; can also cause upper respiratory tract infection |
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| Adenovirus |
