Exam 3: Chapters 11, 12, 13 – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| Four types of prokaryotic reproduction other than binary fission |
1. budding=split off tiny piece 2. fragmentation= done by cyanobacteria 3. viviparity= give birth to live young 4. spores= produced by actinomycetes at ends of filamentous cells |
| Name/describe 7 shapes of prokaryotes |
cocci- sphere coccobacillus- elongated sphere bacillus- rod vibrio- curved rod spirillum- stiff spiral spirochete- flexible spiral pleomorphic- varies in shape/size |
1. How do all prokaryotic cells reproduce? 2. How do most reproduce? |
1. Asexually 2. Binary fission |
| Can prokaryotes reproduce sexually? |
| No, only asexual |
| List and describe 6 arrangements of cocci |
1. diplococci- pairs 2. streptococci-chains 3. staphylococci- clusters 4. tetrads- groups of four (division in two planes) 5. sarcina- cube shaped (division in three planes) |
| List/describe 5 arrangements of bacilli |
1. random- cells are separate 2. diplobacilli- pairs 3. streptobacilli-chains 4. Palisades- stacks 5. V-shape- V shaped |
What is an endospore? How are endospores different from spores? |
Endospores allow for defense against hostile conditions. Spores are reproductive structures |
| What kind of cell wall do archea have? |
| Archea lack a peptidoglycan cell wall |
| Describe the cell membrane of archea |
| have branched hydrocarbon chains |
| What is the initial amino acid in proteins of archea? |
| methionine |
| How do archea reproduce? (3 answers) |
binary fission budding fragmentation |
| What kind of environments to archea normally live in? |
| Moderate environments |
| Name the two types of extremophiles |
| Thermophiles and halophiles |
| Compare thermophiles to halophiles |
thermophiles- require high temperatures halophiles- require high salt |
Describe methanogens.
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Obligate anaerobes that convert organic wastes into methane
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What are deeply branching bacteria? (4 parts) What is an example? |
-Appear similar to earliest bacteria -autotrophs -live in hot/acidic/anaerobic environments -can withstand UV radiation -Example: Deinococcus |
| Name 3 types of phototrophic bacteria |
cyanobacteria green phototrophic bacteria purple phototrophic bacteria |
| What are two environmentally significant processes that occur in cyanobacteria? |
Oxygenic photosynthesis- reason why earths atmosphere has oxygen Nitrogen fixation- take N and release Ammonia that other cells can use |
| What are 4 important characteristics of green and purple phototrophic bacteria? |
1. bacteriochlorophylls instead of chlorophyll 2. anoxygenic- don't make O 3. Live in anaerobic sediments rich in H2S 4. Deposit sulfur either inside or outside of cell |
Which green/purple bacteria is a photoautotroph (sulfur or non-sulfur)? Why? |
| Green and purple sulfur bacteria, because they get electrons from inorganic sources |
Which green/purple bacteria (sulfur or non-sulfur) is a photoheterotroph? Why? |
| Green/purple nonsulfur; because they get their electrons from organic compounds like sugar. |
What is a G+C ratio? What is it used for? What is considered a low G+C ratio? What is considered a high G+C ratio? |
Percentage of all base pairs in DNA that are guanine-cytosine base pairs. This aids in the classification of bacteria. low= below 50% high= above 50%
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| Name 8 major types of low G+C Gram positive bacteria |
| Clostridia, Mycoplasmas, Bacillus, Listeria monocytogenes, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus |
Describe clostridia/clostridium (4 parts). Describe 4 examples |
rod shaped, obligate anaerobes, form endospores, produce potent toxins. C. tetani- causes tetanus, C. perfringens- gangrene C. botulinum- botulism C. difficile- severe diarrhea |
| Describe mycoplasmas 3 parts |
lack cell walls smallest of all prokaryotes cause walking pneumonia and UTI's |
Why can mycoplasmas survive without a cell wall? (3 reasons) |
| live in osmotically protected environments, have tough cytoplasmic membranes, contain sterols in membrane that provide strength and rigidity |
| Describe low G+C G-positive bacillus and describe the 4 basic examples |
Endospore-forming aerobes and facultative anaerobes B. thuringiensis- Bt toxin B. polymyxa- synthesizes the antibiotic polymyxin B. anthracis- causes anthrax B. cereus- causes food poisoning from rice. |
| Describe listeria monocytogenes |
contaminate unpasteurized milk/meat products G+, low G+C bacilli |
| lactobacillus (2 parts) |
organisms protect the body by inhibiting growth of pathogens G+, low G+C bacteria |
| What diseases are caused by streptococcus and enterococcus (5 parts) |
| Produce diseases such as strep throat, scarlet fever, meningitis, pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis |
| Staphylococcus can cause___ (5 ailments) |
| Bacteremia, pneumonia, wound infections, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome. |
| What are 5 high G+C Gram positive bacteria? |
| Corynebacterium, mycobacterium, actinomycetes, nocardia, streptomyces |
| How does the High G+C G+ bacteria Corynebacterium reproduce? |
| snapping fission |
Describe mycobacterium (2 parts) What are two examples? |
produce waxy mycolic acids in cell walls which protects it. High G+C G+ bacteria M. Tuberculosis and M. leprae (leprosy) |
| Describe actinomycetes (3 parts) |
form branching filaments like fungi some produce reproductive spores high G+C G+ bacteria |
| Describe Nocardia (2 parts) |
High G+C G+ bacteria degrades pollutants |
| Describe Streptomyces (4 parts) |
High G+C G+ bacteria Produce most important antibiotics degrade lignin in wood, chitin in insects, latex, aromatic chemicals, and keratin gives soil its smell
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| What are the five classes of Gram-negative proteobacteria? |
| Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon |
| Describe alphaproteobacteria and name the three major examples |
they are aerobes that can grow at very low nutrient content. Some have cell extensions called prothecae that allow for nutrient absorption. Nitrogen fixers, rickettsia, brucella |
| What purpose do Nitrogen fixers serve? What kind of bacteria are they? |
Important in agriculture because they grow along with roots alphaproteobacteria |
What is rickettsia? (3 parts) What kind of bacteria is it? |
small rod that lives inside mammalian cells, causes typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever alphaproteobacteria |
| What is brucella? 3 parts |
coccobacilus causes brucellosis which causes spontaneous abortions/sterility found in unpasteurized milk |
| Name and describe one pathogenic betaproteobacteria |
| Neisseria= G-, diplococcus, causes gonorrhea, meningitis, pelvic inflammatory disease |
Describe gammaproteobacteria list three major bacteria |
largest and most diverse group of proteobacteria leigionella, glycolytic facultative anaerobes, pseudomondads |
| Legionella (4 parts) |
type of gammaproteobacteria intracellular pathogen Causes legionnaires' disease thrive inside phagocytes |
| describe Glycolytic facultative anaerobes (2 parts) |
largest group of gammaproteobacteria includes E Coli
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pseudomonas aeruginosa (4) |
causes UTIs, swimmers' ear extremely resistant produces green pigment |
| What are the three types of deltaproteobacteria? |
| desulfovibrio, Bdellovibrio, myxobacteria |
| Describe desulfovibrio (4) |
makes H2S gas and corrodes iron important in sulfur cycle deltaproteobacteria |
Bdellovibrio (2) |
deltaproteobacteria attacks G- bacteria |
| Myxobacteria (2) |
differentiate reproductive structures deltaproteobacteria |
| What are two types of epsilonproteobacteria? |
| Campylobacter and helicobacter pylori |
| What is campylobacter? |
| an epsilonprotebacteria that causes inflammation of the intestinal tract and food poisoning |
| What is helicobacter pylori? |
| an epsiloproteobacteria that causes ulcers and some stomach cancer |
where does Chlamydia reproduce? What does it cause (3)? Is it G+ or G-? |
only reproduce in cells causes blindness, pneumonia, and an STD G- |
Spirochetes causes what two diseases? Is it G+ or G-? |
G- causes syphillis and lyme disease |
Describe bacteroids G+ or G-? oxygen requirement? where does it live? |
G- bacteria obligate anaerobes most common anaerobic pathogen inhabits digestive tract |
| What are 4 ways reproduction of eukaryotes is more complicated than that of prokaryotes? |
1. DNA+histones=chromosome, all chromosomes are chromatin, found in mitochondria and chloroplasts 2. asexual reproduction 3. sexual reproduction= form gametes that fuse to become a zygote 4. Algae, fungi, and some protozoa reproduce both sexually and asexually |
| What is a diploid? |
| 2 sets of chromosomes |
| define haploid |
| 1 set of chromosomes, most fungi, many algae, and some protozoa are haploid |
| describe mitosis. do prokaryotes or eukaryotes undergo mitosis? |
nuclear division eukaryotes |
meiosis Is meiosis particular to eukaryotes or prokaryotes? |
diploid cell produces 4 haploid cells, this is necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes |
cytokinesis cytokinesis is particular to prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
cell division eukaryotes |
| cell plate |
| cell wall material, cleavage furrow of plants, when cell wall splits |
| cleavage furrow |
| cell wall splitting in two |
| What eukaryotic cells experience budding? |
| yeast cells |
| What are coenocytes |
| big multinucleate cells |
| schizogony |
| multiple mitoses forming a schizont, which is multinucleate, then many uninucleate daughter cells (merozoites) are released when cytokinesis occurs |
| merozoites |
| uninucleate daughter cells that come from schizogony |
| What is classification of eukaryotes based on? (2 things) |
| nucleotide sequences and cellular ultrastructure |
| Where are protozoa found? |
| moist environments |
Morphology of protozoa---- what is a macronucleus?
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| contains as many as 50 copies of a genome |
Morphology of protozoa---- micronucleus (3 parts) |
| involved in a genetic recombination, sexual reproduction, and regeneration of macronucleus |
Morphology of protozoa---- trophozoite |
| motile feeding stage |
Morphology of protozoa----- cyst |
| dormant, resting stage that only occurs in some protozoa |
| Are most protozoa chemoheterotrophic or photoautotrophic? |
| chemoheterotrophic |
| Describe chemoheterotrophic protozoa (4) |
| phagocytize bacteria, decaying organic matter, tissues of a host, or other protozoa |
| 2 types of photoautotrophic protozoa |
| dinoflagellates and euglenids |
| What are the 6 taxons of protozoa? |
| parabasala, diplomonadida, euglenozoa, alveolates, rhizaria, amoebozoa |
| describe parabasala and give an example |
protozoa, lack mitochondria trichomonas- sexually transmitted disease that causes infections/sterility |
| describe diplomonadida and give an example |
protozoa, no mitochondria, golgi bodies, and peroxisomes. 2 equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella Giardia- diarrhea causing pathogen from streams |
| describe euglenozoa (8) and give two examples |
protozoa, photoautotrophic, chlorophyll, no starch, lack cell walls, have flagella, chemoheterotrophic in dark, squirming movement trypanosoma and leishmania- cause sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, carried by flies |
Describe alveolates What are the three taxons of these? |
protozoa, contain alveoli, have 3 subgroups apicomplexans, ciliates, dinoflagellates
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| what is balantidium (3) |
| protozoa, ciliate, only pathogenic ciliate for humans |
| plasmodium (4) |
| protozoa, alveolate, all pathogenic, one causes malaria |
| Pfiesteria (3) |
| protozoa, dinoflagellate, neurotoxin in fish that can affect humans |
Describe rhizaria What are two kinds, what are their shells made of |
amoebae that use threadlike pseudopodia foraminifera- calcium carbonate and radiolarians- shell of silica |
| amoebozoa (4) |
| protozoa, lobe shaped pseudopodia, no shell, causes diseases in swimmers |
| Naegleria |
| protozoa, amoebozoa, infects brain |
| Acanthamoeba |
| amoebozoa, infects eyes of swimmers |
| Slime molds (3) |
| protozoa, amoebozoa, important for research in developmental/molecular biology |
| What are the benefits (3) and risks of fungi (1) |
decompose dead organisms form mycorrhizae that help plants absorb nutrients source of drugs But form mycoses-fungal diseases |
| what is a thallus |
| vegetative body of fungus |
| describe the thallus of yeast |
| single cell |
what is the thallus of molds describe hyphae give two examples of dimorphic fungi |
mycelium hyphae- long, branched, tubular structures of mycelium histoplasma capsulatum-histoplasmosis, a respiratory disease coccidioides immitis- causes coccidiomycosis or valley fever |
| How do fungi acquire nutrients? (4 different kinds) |
saprobes- eat dead things some trap/kill nematodes haustoria-modified hyphae that penetrate living tissue
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| are fungi aerobic, anaerobic, or both? (3 answers) |
| molds are aerobic, yeasts are facultative anaerobes, some anaerobic fungi |
| is fungi reproduction sexual or asexual? |
| all fungi are asexual, most also reproduce sexually |
| How do yeast reproduce? |
| typically budding |
| Describe 3 types of asexual spores |
1. sporangiospores- form inside sac 2. chlamydospores- form with thickened wall hyphae 3. conidiospores- produced a tips of hyphae, not within a sac |
| What are the three major groups of fungi based on sexual spores? |
| zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota |
| describe zygomycota (3) |
| fungi, make sexual zygospores, black bread mold, |
ascomycota name 4 examples |
fungi, form ascospores in sac, aspergillus, penicillium, saccharomyces, truffles |
| basidiomycota (6) |
| mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, jelly fungi, bracket fungi, bird's nest fungi |
