Exam 3 – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| Vibrio cholerae |
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| cholera |
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| Variola major |
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| smallpox |
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| Bacillus anthracis |
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| anthrax |
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| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
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| AIDS |
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| Clostridium difficile |
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| spore forming, gram (+), rod causes high levels of exotoxins watery diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain etc. |
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| CRE organisms (2) |
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| E. Coli Klebsiella pneumoniae |
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| NDM (New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase) and KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase) are what. |
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| examples of antibiotic resistance enzymes they can have CRE organisms |
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| Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
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| MRSA |
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| Steptococcus pyogenes |
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| pathogen that causes respiratory infections "Group A Strep" |
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| streptococcus pharyngitis |
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| strep throat inflammation of the pharynx. produce toxins that lyse red blood cells |
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| Untreated streptococcal pharyngitis can lead to |
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| Group A Syndromes |
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| Scarlet Fever |
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| Group A Syndrome results from group A strep that carry lysogenic bacteriophage causes pink-red rash |
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| rheumatic fever |
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| Group A Syndrome autoimmune disease |
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| necrotizing fasciitis |
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| Group A Syndrome flesh eating bacteria |
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| 3 Group A Syndromes |
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| Scarlet Fever Rheumatic fever Necrotizing fasciitis |
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| Group A Strep mostly caused by |
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| Streptococcus pyogenes |
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| Group B Strep mostly caused by |
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| Streptococcus agalacitae |
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| Group B Strep most common in |
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| newborns, pregnant women, the elderly & adults with other illnesses |
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause what 2 diseases |
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| Pneumonia and Bacterial Meningitis |
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| Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes what diesase |
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| Diphtheria |
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| describe Diphtheria |
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| gram (+) rod infects upper respiratory tract |
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| Bordetella pertussis |
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| Pertussis (Whooping cough) |
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| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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| Tuberculosis |
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| pathogen that causes tuberculosis in animals |
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| M. bovis |
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| Mycobacterium leprae |
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| leprosy |
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| another name for leprosy |
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| Hansen’s Disease |
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| Neisseria meningitidis |
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| menigococcus bacterial meningitis |
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| meningococcemia |
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| meningococcal septicemia when meningitis pathogens are in the blood stream, |
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| meningitis results in inflammation of the |
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| meninges |
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| rubeola virus |
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| measles infects respiratory tract, cough, fever, snot, eventually a rash |
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| Mumps virus |
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| mumps airborne, inflammation of salivary glands, swelling of neck can eventually lead to complications like sterility |
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| German measles; rubella virus |
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| Rubella milder than measles, infection of fetus, heart, eye, and brain damage |
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| varicella-zoster virus causes |
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| chicken pox and shingles |
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| Rhinovirus |
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| common cold |
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| Coronavirus |
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| common cold |
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| H5N1 influenza |
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| Asian Bird Flu |
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| 1918 Virus |
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| Spanish Flu |
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| 3 forms of anthrax |
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| cutaneous inhalation gastrointestinal |
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| Helicobacter pylori can cause |
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| stomach ulcers |
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| Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
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| Gonorrhea |
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| Gonorrhea |
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| Gram (-) non-motile aerobic diplococcus |
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| Treponema pallidum |
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| syphilis |
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| syphilis |
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| spirochete bacterium no reinfection treated with antibiotics |
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| progressive stages of syphilis |
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| 1. forms a chancre at initial infection site (primary) 2. cells spread to other tissue causing skin rash (secondary or disseminated) 3. latent stage, no infectious, lesions can form on skin, bone, nervous system, blindness, disfigurement (tertiary) |
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| Chlamydia trachomatis |
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| chlamydia |
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| Zoonosis |
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| disease found primarily in animals but transmissible to humans |
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| Enzootic |
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| found only in animal populations |
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| Epizootic |
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| Significant increases in infectious disease prevalence within animal populations |
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| Rickettsia rickettsii |
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| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
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| Rickettsia prowazekii |
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| Typhus |
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| Coxiella burnetii |
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| Q fever |
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| Borrelia burgdorferi |
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| Lyme disease |
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| Clostridium tetani |
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| tetanus |
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| Clostridium perfringens |
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| gas gangrene |
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| Salmonella enterica |
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| Salmonellosis |
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| Listeria monocytogenes |
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| listeriosis |
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| clostridium botulinum |
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| botulism also, think botox |
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| clostridium tetani |
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| tetanus |
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| Bordetella pertussis |
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| pertusis aka whooping cough |
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| pertusis |
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| occurs in upper respiratory system |
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| colonization |
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| growth of microbes at any anatomical site. common on mucus membrane and outer layer of epithelial cells occurs in 3 stages. |
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| sebaceous glands |
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| glands that secrete oily or waxy matter to make hair or skin of mammals waterproof lots of microbes |
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| gingival crevice |
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| area between enamel of tooth and the gingiva bacteria produce biofilm that form on the gingival crevice. |
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| dextran |
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| glucose polymer that aids in attachment |
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| dextransucrase |
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| uses dextran and sucrose to form dextran (n+1) and fructose |
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| dental carries |
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| essentially cavities. occur when anaerobic microbes in oral biofilm ferment dietary sugars and produce acids |
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| Lactobacillus acidophilus |
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| beneficial bacteria in the vagina that ferment glycogen and produce acid. |
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| pathogenicity |
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| ability of a microorganism to cause a disease |
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| opportunistic pathogen |
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| can cause disease because the normal resistance mechanism of a host are weakened |
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| adherence factors |
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| aid in adherence |
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| tissue tropism |
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| certain pathogens have molecules on their surface that recognize and tightly bind molecules on host tissues |
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| virulence factors |
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| pathogen-produced substance (usually a protein, enzyme, adherence factor, or toxin) that promotes the establishment and pathogenesis of an infectious disease. |
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| hyaluronidase |
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| virulence factor breaks downhyaluronic acid polymer that glues host cells together |
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| collagenase |
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| virulence factor breaks down collagen in connective tissue |
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| streptokinase |
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| virulence factor destroys fibrin of blood clots |
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| coagulase |
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| virulence factors found on the exterior of pathogenic streptococcus aureus cells - creates fibrin layer around cell prevents immune system from detecting bacteria |
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| enterotoxins |
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| exotoxins that affect the small intestine |
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| compromised |
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| mechanisms of resisting pathogens is weakened |
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| immunocompromised |
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| weakened immune system |
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| innate immunity |
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| preexisting ability to recognize pathogens or their toxins and destroy or inactivate them |
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| adaptive immunity |
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| relies on previous exposure to a pathogen 1. recognition 2. discrimination 3. elimination |
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| antigen |
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| any molecule or protein of a molecule that stimulates a response in the immune system. |
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| phagocyte |
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| ameobia like cells that ingest and destroy pathogens and alert other immune cells |
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| leukocyte |
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| neutrophil |
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| macrophage |
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| usually the first line of defense against pathogens |
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| pathogen-associated molecular patterns |
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| structures that are part of the cell of many commonly encountered pathogens |
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| plasma cells |
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| type of differentiated B cells that produce antibodies to target the pathogen for destruction |
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| memory b cells |
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| remain in bloodstream to provide secondary antibody response to subsequent re-exposure to the same pathogen |
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| pattern recognition receptors |
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| tcell receptors |
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| aka antibodies do not recognize whole molecules, but small regions of large molecules called epitopes 1 antibody binds 2 antigens |
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| antiserum |
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| serum containing antibodies against the specific pathogen or toxin think snake anti-venom |
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| humoral immunity |
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| antibody mediated immunity antibody production is stimulated by a series of events |
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| toxoid |
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| exotoxins that have been chemically inactivated but are still antigenic |
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| bacteriuria |
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| presence of abnormal pathogens in urine |
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| selective medium |
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| contains substances that inhibit growth of certain types of bacteria |
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| differential medium |
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| includes compounds that allows visualization of certain biochemical pathways and products |
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| BSL |
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| biosafety level |
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| Mantoux Skin Test |
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| common for testing of previous exposure or current infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. |
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| antibody titer |
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| determined by the antibodies in a patient's blood |
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| protein A |
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| a protein found on the surface of Staphylococcus aureus cells |
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| therapeutic index |
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| calculated from therapeutic dose divided by toxic dose the lower the index, the better the chemotherapeutic agent |
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| LD50 |
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| toxic dose |
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| ED50 |
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| therapeutic dose |
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| toxic dose |
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| level at which drug becomes toxic to host |
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| semisynthetic |
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| beta lactam antibiotics |
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| growth factor analog |
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| transpeptidase |
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| aka penicillin binding proteins |
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| ionophore antibiotics |
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| makes a hole in the membrane for ions to go through |
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| DNA gyrase |
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| required for supercoiling of DNA |
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| selective pressure |
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| has increased the prevalence of antibiotic resistant pathogens, especially in clinical settings |
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| VRE |
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| Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus inhabits human intestinal and female genital tract |
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| prevalence |
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| total number of existing cases aka disease burden |
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| outbreak |
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| appearance of a large number of cases in a short time period |
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| incidence |
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| number of new cases within population that occur during a specific time |
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| endemic |
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| constantly present at low levels |
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| epidemic |
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| an increase in an infectious disease within a population above normal levels. |
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| pandemic |
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| disease is widespread across continents. |
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| subclinical |
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| symptoms are mild to non-existent |
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| mortality |
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| deaths due to disease/total population of individuals |
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| morbidity |
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| incidence of disease (fatal or non)/total population of individuals |
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| reservoirs |
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| places or populations that contain infectious agents capable of infecting susceptible individuals |
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| zoonoses |
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| diseases that primarily infect animals but can also infect humans |
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| vectors |
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| live agents that can transmit pathogens |
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| formites |
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| inanimate objects that can harbor pathogens |
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| vehicle control |
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| eliminaties many common source diseases |
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| index case |
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| first occurrence of a disease aka patient zero |
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| biological weapons |
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| use of biological agents for harm mostly category A: easily disseminated and highly contagious; high mortality rate and public panic |
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| pustules |
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| bumps on the skin full of pus |
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| eradication |
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| removal of virus from population aided by -only a human reservoir -no asymptomatic carriers -short periods of inefectivity effective vaccine |
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| methicillin |
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| antibiotic that MRSA Is resistant to |
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| nosocomial infections |
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| occur in individuals as a result of visiting some type of healthcare setting |
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| pharyngitis streptococcal pharyngitis |
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| infection of the pharynx Strep throat |
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| necrotizing fasciitis |
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| flesh eating bacteria |
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| lancefield groups |
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| Group A strep and Group B strep |
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| pseudomembrane |
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| inflammatory response to localized infection - can restrict airways |
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| post exposure prophylaxis |
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| prophylaxis is a preventative antibiotic recommended for all family members and others who have had contact with an active pertussis individual |
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| meninges |
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| membranes that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord. |
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| rhinitis |
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| inflammation of the nasal mucosal membranes |
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| neuraminidase |
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| part of the influenza A virus - involved in viral release from host cells |
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| hemagglutinin |
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| part of the influenza A virus - involved in viral attachment of host cells |
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| avian influenza |
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| Asian Bird Flu H5N1 influenza |
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| resaasortant virus |
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| Changes in the antigens of influenza virus are a major way of avoiding host immunity. |
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| abscess |
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| acne, boils, sores |
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| pyogenic |
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| causes formation of pus |
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| leukocidin |
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| toxic to leukocytes of immune system |
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| parenterally |
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| transmitted via blood transfusions, shared needles, tattooing and piercing, or sexually |
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| Negri bodies |
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| clumps in the nerve cells that contain the rabies virus |
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| serotype |
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| ways different forms of viruses are identified |
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| O antigen |
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| from the LPS (part of E. coli) |
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| H antigen |
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| from the flagella protein (part of E. coli) |
