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Microbiology

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The very small study of life

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EVIDENCE FOR LIFE

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i. IS THE OUTSIDE OF DIFFERENT THAN THE INSIDE WITH BARRIER
ii. ENERGY CONVERSION
iii. REPRODUCTION

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2) Viruses & Prions

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i. no cell membrane
ii. No energy transformation outside a host
iii. Many don’t have DNA
b. Replicate and cause disease

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define 3) Prokaryotes

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it’s a condition, NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

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prokaryotes a. Two groups

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i. True bacteria =EUBACTERIA
ii. Archeobacteria

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i. True bacteria =EUBACTERIA

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1. cell walls of peptidoglycan
2. 70 Ribosomes

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ii. Archeobacteria

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1. No peptidoglycan
2. 80 Ribosomes
3. MOST COMMON FORM
4. Live in extreme environments

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define: 4) Eukaryotes

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MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

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4 kingdoms

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plants animals protist fungi

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i. Plants charactorists

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1. multicellular
2. stores cellulose
3. photosynthetic w/ Chlorophyll A&E

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ii. Animals charactoristics

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1. Multicellular
2. Not Photosynthetic
3. Eat with a mouth

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fungi charactoristics

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1. Not photosynthetic
2. absorbs nutrients
3. never motile

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protist charactoristics

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1. Not plants, animals or fungi
2. Can be photosynthetic or not
3. Colonial and unicellular

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what are the 3 domains

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bacteria, archea, eurkaryote

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what are the 6 kingdoms

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Eubacteria, Archeobacteria, plants, animals, fungi, Protist

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how are organisms organized?

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division of labor

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i. Unicellular

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: the cell is the organism

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example of unicellular

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Paramecium

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ii. Multicellular:

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group of interdependent specialized cells

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example of multicellular

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1. i.e.: rotifer

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colonial

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groups of cells, in which each can live independently

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1000 um=

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1mm

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i. PHOTOAUTOTROPH

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1. perform photosynthesis to gain energy

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is the photoautotroph a producer or consumer?

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producer

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4. AUTOTROPH

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able to form organic substances from inorganic such as Carbon Dioxide

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ii. CHEMOAUTOTROPH

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energy from chemicals

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ii. CHEMOAUTOTROPH producer or consumer?

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1. Producer

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iii. CHEMOHETEROTROPHS

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2. eat with mouth like structures
3. eat dead organisms
4. i.e. Fungi
5. Derives energy and carbon from the oxidation of organic compounds

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iii. CHEMOHETEROTROPHS producer or consumer?

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consumer

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iv. PHOTOHETEROTROPHS

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2. Use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source. Consequently, they use organic compounds from the environment to satisfy their carbon requirements. They use compounds such as carbohydrates, fatty acids and alcohols as their organic "food"

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v. DECOMPOSERS

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1. Bacteria, ALL FUNGI

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5 groups of feeding ::

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photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph, chemoheterotroph, decomposer

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a. Asexual

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Offspring are identical to parent = no variation

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most common form of reproduction

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asexual

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1. Binary fission

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a. only done by prokaryotes (no membrane bound organs)
b. one chromosome, cell splits in two

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2. Mitosis

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a. EUKARYOTIC
b. Multiple chromosomes

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3. Budding

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a. uneven binary fission
b. Mother cell is bigger than daughter cell

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4. Spores

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a. Multiple budding
b. TOUGH COATING
c. ALL ARE HAPLOIDS CAPABLE OF BECOMING ADULTS

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5. Fragmentation

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a. THALLUS: body of colony cells
b. Body can grow when broken off

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6. Schizogony

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a. Multiple Mitosis

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b. Sexual Reproduction

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fusion of haploid gametes carrying ? of diploid genome=zygote

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iv. Embryo

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multicellular diploid that can grow into an individual (plants/animals)

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v. Haploid Gametes:

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half of mother and half of father

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vi. Diploid Zygote

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mother and father chromosomes coming together

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vii. Spore:

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always haploid

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7) Motility

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a. Non-motile
b. Amoeboid pseudo pods =false feet
c. Flagella: tail
d. Gliding
e. Cilia: hairs

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TOTAL MAGNIFACATION =

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= OBJECTIVE LENS X OCCULAR LENS

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a. Light microscope

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i. HAS VISIBLE COLORS
ii. not as detailed
iii. Specimen is living

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b. Electron Transmission (ETM)

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i. ALWAYS BLACK AND WHITE (staining is used)
iv. when electrons hit=white
v. Specimen is DEAD

ii. Electrons go through
iii. when electrons pass through=dark

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c. Scanning Electron (SEM)

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i. 3D
ii. NO COLOR
iii. presence or absence of electrons, ELECTRONS BOUNCE OFF and computer receives the image

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d. What are the differences between light & electron microscopes?

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i. Electron is NOT portable, requires electricity, heavy, requires training, Artifacts
ii. Light can use mirrors to reflect light, portable

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a. Magnification:

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making things bigger

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b. Resolution:

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Higher visual quality, ability of a lens to distinguish 2 points

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c. WHY ARE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE IMAGES MORE CLEAR?

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i. width of light can pass through

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Dead specimens

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i. organism is dead, dried and embedded in PLASTIC
ii. MUST BE DONE WITH AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

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b. living

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i. can be seen under a light microscope

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1) Eukaryotic cells

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MEMBRANE ENCLOSED ORGANELLES (animals, plants, fungi, protist)

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2) Structures common to nearly all eukaryotic cells

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Cell Membrane
ytoplasm
C
a. 80 Ribosomes
Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Complex
Vesicles:
Mitochondria

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a. Cell Membrane

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REGULATES MATERIAL FLOW

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a. Simple Diffusion

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High concentration to low concentration

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b. Osmosis:

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Diffusion of water (Iso, Hypo, Hyper

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c. Aquaporins

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water channel, protein tube

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d. Facilitative Diffusion

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solute moved by transport protein membrane

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e. Active Transport

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Requires energy. Low concen to high concen

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i. pinocytosis:

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cell drinking

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i. pinocytosis:

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cell drinking

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ii. phagocytosis:

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cell eating

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iii. exocytosis:

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cell barfing

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b. Cytoplasm

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inside the cell membrane and outside the nuclear membrane

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i. CYTOSOL:

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fluid portion=GROUND SUBSTANCE for cell organelles

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ii. CYTOSKELETON

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i. Network of protein fibers with the cytoplasm
1. PROVIDES STRUCTURE, ORGANIZATION

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i. Free Ribosome

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floating in the cytoplasm, the proteins it makes are free to go wherever within the cell.

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ii. Bound Ribosome

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one attached to the (rough) endoplasmic reticulum, the proteins made sttay in the ER and usually get trapped in a vesicle for transport.

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i. Nucleus

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LARGEST ORGANELLE, contains chromosomes

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ii. Nuclear Envelope

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double membrane
1. separates chromosomes from cytoplasm

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iii. Nuclear Pores

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Allows for transport out of nucleus

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iv. Nucleolus

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ribosome synthesis

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i. Rough ER

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: has ribosomes
1. makes phospholipids destined for membranes and vesicles

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ii. Smooth ER:

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no ribosomes

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f. Golgi Complex

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PROCESS, SORT AND SHIP OUT PROTEINS VIA VESICLES
i. Flattened complex membrane sac
ii. “MAILING ROOM”
iii. Carbs are made

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g. Vesicles

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1. Transport
2. Secretory
3. storage

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g. Vesicles

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1. Transport
2. Secretory
3. storage

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