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What is different between the internal structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

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Eukaryotic cells have an internal structure that is more complex, highly organized, and contains numerous organelles

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What is the eukaryotic cytoplasm made of?

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Semifluid substance consisting mainly of water with substances such as enzymes, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and a variety of inorganic ions. It also contains a cytoskeleton.

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Cytoskeleton

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A fibrous network that gives the larger cells shape and support

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Eukaryotic nucleus

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A distinct organelle enclosed by a nuclear envelope and contains nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromosomes

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Eukaryotic nuclear envelope

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Consists of a double membrane, each layer of which is structurally like the plasma membrane

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Eukaryotic nuclear pores

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In the nuclear envelope allow RNA molecules to leave the semifluid portion of the nucleus and to participate in protein synthesis

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Nucleoplasm

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Semifluid portion of the nucleus

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Eukaryotic nucleoli

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Contains a significant amount of RNA and serve as sites for the assembly of ribosomes

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Eukaryotic chromosomes

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Contained within the nucleus, usually paired. Contains DNA and proteins called histones

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Histones

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Contribute directly to the structure of chromosomes

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Chromatin

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Uncoiled chromosomes and visible as a tangle of fine threads

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How do nuclei of eukaryotic chromosomes divide?

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By mitosis

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Dyads

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Replicated eukaryotic chromosomes that remain attached prior to division

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Spindle apparatus

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The system of tiny fibers that guide the movement of chromosomes In eukaryotes during mitosis

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Diploid cells

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Cells that contain paired chromosome cells (2n)

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Meiosis

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Division of sex cells

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Haploid cells

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Unpaired chromosome, can become spores or gamets

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Gametes

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Haploid cells that participate in sexual reproduction, they unite to form a diploid zygote

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Eukaryotic mitochondria

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Known as the powerhouses of the cell, are numerous in some cells, are 1 micrometer in diameter, have an inner and outer membrane, and a fluid filled matrix inside the inner membrane
Carry out oxidative reactions that capture energy in ATP.

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Cristae

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In eukaryotic mitochondria, the folding of the inner membrane to increase surface area

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Chloroplasts

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Eukaryotic cells capable of carrying out photosynthesis contain these structures that include an inner and outer membrane

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Stroma

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Inner space of eukaryotic chloroplasts

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Thylakoids

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Separate internal membranes found within eukaryotic chloroplasts, contain chloryphyll which captures energy from light during photosynthesis

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Eukaryotic Ribosomes

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Are assembled in the nucleoli of nucleus, provide sites for protein synthesis

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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Contains enzymes that synthesize lipids, especially those to be used in making membranes

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Rough ER

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Has ribosomes bound to its surface which give it a rough texture, its function is to manufacture proteins

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Golgi apparatus

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Consists of a stack of flattened membranous stacks. Receives substances transported from the ER, stores the substance, and typically alters their chemical structure. It packages the substances. Like the mail room.

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Secretory vesicles

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Small segments of membrane made by the golgi, these fuse with the plasma membrane and release
secretions to the exterior of the cell.
Helps form plasma membrane and membranes of lysosomes

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Lysosomes

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Extremely small, membrane covered organelles made by golgi in animal cells. Contain digestive enzymes. Fuse with vacuoles and release enzymes that digest the substances in the vacuoles.

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Peroxisomes

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Small membrane-enclosed organelles filled with enzymes. In both plant and animal cells. In animals-oxidize amino acids, in plants- oxidize plants

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Eukaryotic Vacuoles

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Membrane-enclosed structures that store materials such as starch, glycogen, or fat to be used for energy.

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Cytoskeleton

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Network of protein fibers made of microtubules and microfilaments. Supports and gives rigidity and shape to a cell. Involved in cell movements

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What do external structures in eukaryotes do?

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Assist in movement or provide a protective covering for the plasma membrane.

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Eukaryotic Flagella

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Larger and more complex than in prokaryotes, have 2 central microtubules, and 9 pairs of peripheral microtubules surrounded by a membrane. Each fiber is made up tubulin.

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How do eukaryotic flagella move and what groups contain them?

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In a whiplike fashion, and mainly protozoa have them, but also algae.

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Eukaryotic Cilia

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Shorter, and more numerous than flagella, but made of the same chemicals and with the same arrangement. Found mainly in protozoa. Each passes through a stroke and recovery cycle as it beats. They allow ciliated organisms to move faster than those with only flagella. Can sometimes propel fluids, particles, bacteria etc

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Pseudopodia

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'False feet" are temporary projections of cytoplasm associated with amoeboid movement, which occurs only in cells without walls.

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Eukaryotic cell walls

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Made up of either cellulose or chitin or both. Give cells rigidity and protect from bursting

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Endosymbiotic Theory

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The organelles of eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic cells that had developed a symbiotic relationship with the eukaryote-to-be. There is a lot of evidence supporting this theory. Examples exist today of this still happening.

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Simple diffusion

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The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.

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What affects diffusion through the phospholipid bilayer?

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1. Solubility of diffusing substance in lipid
2. The temperature
3. The difference between the highest and lowest concentration of the diffusing substance

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Selective permeability

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Diffusion through pores that is affected by size, and charge of particle and pore surface. Since many pores are very small some particles can not pass through.

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Facilitated diffusion

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Diffusion down a concentration gradient and across a membrane with the assistance of special pores or carrier molecules.

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Osmosis

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Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low.

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Osmotic pressure

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The pressure required to prevent the net flow of water by osmosis. The least amount of hydrostatic pressure required to prevent the movement of water from a given solution into pure water is the osmotic pressure of the solution.

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Tonicity

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The behavior of cells in a fluid environment

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Isotonic solution

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Cell and environment have same concentration, so no change in the cell occurs

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Hypotonic solution

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The environment has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell. The cell swells

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Hypertonic solution

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Environment has a greater concentration than the cell, the cell will shrink.

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Active transport

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Moves molecules and ions against concentration gradients from regions low to high concentration. Requires membrane proteins that act as carriers and enzymes.

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Group translocation reactions

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Move a substance from the outside of a bacterial cell to the inside while chemically modifying the substance so that it cannot diffuse out. Allows molecules such as glucose to be accumulated against a concentartion gradient.

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Endocytosis in eukaryotes

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Forming of membrane-enclosed vesicles by invagination and surrounding substances from outside the cell.

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Exocytosis in eukaryotes

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Vesicles inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane and extrude their contents from the cell.

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What are the types of endocytosis in eukaryotes?

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receptor-meidated, and phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is the most important

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Phagocytosis

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A type of endocytosis in which large vacuoles called phagosomes from around microorganisms and debris from tissue injury. These vacuoles enter the cell, taking with them large amounts of plasma membrane. The vacuole fuses with lysosomes which digest the contents of the vacuoles and release into the cytoplasm.

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