Bridgemont microbiology chapter 3 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers| Bacteria |
| Prokaryotes |
| Animal, plant, fungi, protozoa |
| Eukaryotes |
| Prokaryotes usually considered much more simple in from compared to Eukaryotes |
| True ( they where considered simple but they are not truely. They are only simpler in their structure not their function ) |
Both cell types depend on homeostasis for cellular survival (True/false) |
| True |
Organisms ability to maintain a stable I internal balance (internal stability) regulated by metabolic (chemical) or stuctural change -adapt or die |
| Homeostasis |
| Both call types communicate with each other cells a d respond to: |
| Stimuli |
| Plant cells shrinking in response to lack of water is an example of? |
| Eukaryotes stimuli |
| Animal producing sound to communicate is an example of? |
| Eukaryotes communication |
| Prokaryotes forms micro-communities called? |
| Bioflims |
| Collection of bacteria microorganisms living and interacting in a " multicellular state" |
| Biofilms |
| 5 steps to biofilm formation/ life cycle |
1) reversible attachment 2) irreversible attrachment 3) maturation 1 4 maturation 2 5) dispersion |
| Prokaryotes within in a biofilm communication through? |
| Quorum sensing |
The ability for bactetia to produce and release chemical signals. -allows for "cell-cell communication." -communicate and coordinate behaviors |
| Quorum sensing |
Singcall ell organisms in effect become multicellular organisms and can act together. -"multicellular start"; simulate multicellular functions |
| Quorum sensing |
| Examples of harmful biofilms ( disease causing) |
plaque some lung/ ear infections |
| examples of useful biofilms |
Sewage treatment bioremediation: clean up of chemically contaminated environments |
| Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes are both surrounded by outer? |
| Cell menebrane (know as plasma menebrane in Eukaryotes |
| Allows fluid and waste to exchange between the cell and its environment |
| Cell membrane |
| Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes both allow for _____ within individual cells |
| Metabolic process |
| Both Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes preform ______ to produce stucntural and functional parts of the cell |
| Protein synthesis |
| Both Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes make proteins by using_____. |
| Ribosomes |
| Both Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes have ____ as genetic material |
| DNA |
| DNA is genetic material in _____. |
Chromosomes (chromosomes structure and # vary) |
| No membrane bound nucleus/organelles present |
| Prokaryotes |
| DNA in nucleoid; region/location of genetic material inside cell w/in cytoplasm |
| Prokaryotes |
DNA; single, circular strand (double strand helix) |
| Prokaryotes |
| Menebrane bounds organelles w/in cytoplasm |
| Eukaryotes |
| DNA in nucleus ( menebrane bound) |
| Eukaryotes |
| DNA; multiple, linear strands (double bound) |
| Eukaryotes |
Eukaryotes cell approx 10 X larger than Prokaryotes true/false |
| True |
| Prokaryotes chromosome; |
| Single circular |
| Eukaryotes chromosomes are; |
| Multiple linear |
| Metabic processes; both Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes perform_____. |
| Cellular respiration |
| Cells convert chemical energy into usable cellular energy is |
| Cellular respiration |
| metabolic process: with in Eukaryotes cellular respiration take place |
| In mitochondria (organelle) and /or chloroplasts (organelle in photosynthetic) |
| Metabolic processes: within Prokaryotes takes place in |
In cytosol (liquid inside cell within Cytoplasm) along cell membrane |
| Is science of classifying organisms based on natural or logical relationships. |
| Taxonomy |
| Historically living organisms including bacteria were grouped according to______. |
| Visual similarities |
| Laid the foundation for modern taxonomy |
| Carolus Linnaeus |
| Carolus Linnaeus devised a 2 name system to classify organisms: it was called |
| Binomial Nomenclature |
| Two words used to classify an organism |
| Genus/ species |
| Classification rank compose of a group of one or more species of organisms with similar characteristics. ( used alone or with species/ specific epithet name. |
| Genus |
| Further describes the genus name; least inclusive classification rank; based on morphological and biological similarities. |
| Species |
| Used classify organisms based on successive leveLos if similarities |
| Hierarchical System of classification |
| Old Hierarchical system of classificatio |
-domain - kingdom - Phylum -class - order - family -genus - species |
| The 3 domain system |
- Eukarya (plantea, animal, fungi, Protista) - Bacteria ( eubacteria, true bactetia, old) - Archaea ( extre bacteria ) |
| 5 kingdom systems |
-animal -fungi -plantea -protista -monera ( bacteria) |
| Using staining reaction to determine morphology of cells (Shape, size and arrangement) |
| Physical characteristics |
Look at metabolic processes used different species -Use a narrow down potential pathogens |
| Biochemical test |
| Testing of blood serum/watery part; antigen-antibody interaction |
| Serological Test |
Look and compares bacterial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) -basis for the separation of the bacteria for on the Archaea |
| nucleic acid analysis |
A method of determining the identity of an unknown species used a series of positive or negative test results/ procedures - is not an individual test |
| Dichotomous key |
| Why use stain to see bacteria? |
-because bacteria cells are very tiny and colorless -diffical to see contrast between cell and backgrown of the microscope field |
-Make a wet mount of specimen -Heat fix specimen -Add Basic Stains (cationic dye)(only one stain used)
|
| Simple Stain Technique |
-Opposite of simple stain -Negatively charged acidic (anionic) dye used -No heat fixation required (room temp) |
| Negative stain technique |
Allows cells to be differentiated visually into groups based on staining differences -use 2 stains and a decolorizer |
| differential staining technique |
| the method is named after its inventor, the Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram |
| gram stain technique |
-prepare sample/ smear-air dry-heat fix -Crystal Violet 1 min-rinse -Gram's iodine 1 min-rinse -Decolorizer 10-15 sec-rinse -Safranin 1 min-rinse view results under oil immersion |
| Steps for gram stain technique |
Purple cells thick cell wall retains original stain |
| Gram + |
red cells thin cell wall releases primary stain and requires a counterstain for viewing |
| Gram - |
| Cells retain red/pink prink primary stain after acid-alcohol wash |
| Acid Fast |
| Cells appear blue following acid-alcohol wash |
| Non Acid Fast |
| Another physical characteristic for studying microorganisms and viruses |
| size |
Based of the metric system -Standard unit of length is the_______. |
| meters (m) |
Micrometer (um) 1um= |
| one millionth of a meter or .000001 |
| Bacterial size range |
100 um= very large cells 1um = small cells |
| Majority of bacterial cells are |
1um - 5um (blood or spore cells are approx .10um) |
virus size measured in ; |
| Nanometers (nm) |
| primary tool used to observe microorganisms? |
| Microscope |
uses visible light rays and convex lenses -used to increase magnification |
| light microscope/compound microscope |
used to inrease resolving power of micreoscope - ability to view closely spaced objects clearly |
| oil immersion |
