AP Literature and Composition Perrine’s Poetry Chapters 3-16 – Flashcards
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What are the 3 uses of Language?
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1. Practical 2. Literary 3. Argumentative
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Practical Language
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Used in poetry to communicate information
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Literary Language
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Steps up the intensity and increases range of experience
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Argumentative Language
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Used as an instrument of persuasion
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What are the four dimensions that Poetry must engage the reader in?
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1. Intellectual Dimension 2. Sensuous Dimension 3. Emotional Dimension 4. Imaginative Dimension
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What are the 3 components of a word?
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1. Sound 2. Denotation 3. Connotation
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Denotation
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The dictionary meaning of a word
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Connotation
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-idea or feeling invoked by the word (aside from the word's literal meaning)
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What is the purist form of practical language? Why?
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-Scientific Language -everything only has one meaning
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What is Imagery?
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Descriptive language that invokes one of the five senses
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What are the 7 types of imagery?
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1. Visual Imagery 2. Auditory Imagery 3. Olfactory Imagery 4. Gustatory Imagery 5. Tactile Imagery 6. Organic Imagery 7. Kinesthetic Imagery
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Visual Imagery
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Imagery that appeals to sight
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Auditory Imagery
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Imagery that appeals to hearing
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Olfactory Imagery
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Imagery that appeals to smell
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Gustatory Imagery
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Imagery that appeals to taste
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Tactile Imagery
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Imagery that appeals to touch
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Organic Imagery
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Creates internal sensations (hunger, thirst)
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Kinesthetic Imagery
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Creates sense of movement
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What must the imagery in a poem do in order to work?
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It must convey emotion, suggest an idea, as well as cause a mental reproduction of sensation
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Figure of Speech
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A word or phrase used in a non-literal sense to add rhetorical force to a spoken or written passage
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Figurative Language
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The use of words or expressions with meanings different from literal expression.
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Simile
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Comparison of two or more unlike things using the words "like" or "as"
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Metaphor
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Comparison of two or more unlike things without the use of "like" or "as"
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Personification
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Giving human-like characteristics to inanimate/object/animal or concept
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Apostrophe
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Addressing someone absent or dead or something nonhuman as if it could respond to what was being said
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Synecdoche
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Using the part as the whole ie. "all hands on deck" -Deck is a part of a boat, this expression is used to ask for help all around boat, not just on the deck
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Metonymy
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The use of something closely related to thing actually meant ie. President ---> White House
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Why is Figurative Language important?
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1. More imaginarily pleasuring 2. Bring in additional imagery into poem 3. Makes poetry more sensuous 4. Adds emotional intensity 5. Conveys attitude with information presented 6. Effective in making reader concentrate
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Symbol
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A thing that represents something else
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Allegory
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A narrative or description that has a second meaning beneath the surface
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How does an Allegory differ from an extended metaphor?
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It is different from an extended metaphor because it involves a system of related comparisons rather than one comparison drawn out
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How does Allegory differ from symbolism?
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Allegories differ from symbolism because they put less emphasis on the images and more emphasis on their ulterior meanings
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Paradox
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a statement that seems to contradict itself but in reality has some truth
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Overstatement
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expressing or stating something too strongly
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Hyperbole
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- a form of overstatement -an exaggeration
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Understatement
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stating something less important or smaller that what it really is
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What are the three types of Irony/
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1. Verbal Irony 2. Situational Irony 3. Dramatic Irony
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Verbal Irony
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Saying the opposite of what one means
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Sarcasm
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Bitter or cutting speech
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Situational Irony
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When events turn out different that expected
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Dramatic Irony
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Discrepancy between what the speaker says and what the poem means
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Satire
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Ridicule of human folly or vice, with the purpose of bringing about reform
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How do Irony and Paradox help safeguard against Sentimentality?
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They demand an exercise of critical intelligence.
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Allusion
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A reference to something in history or previous literature
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Name the 5 kinds of allusion
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1.Historical Allusion 2. Biblical Allusion 3. Literary Allusion 4. Mythical Allusion 5. Cultural Allusion
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Total Meaning
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The experience a poem communicates
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Prose Meaning
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The part of a poem that can be separated from the rest of the poem through prose paraphrase
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Tone
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The writer or speaker's attitude toward the subject
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Through what devices can tone be identified?
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-connotation -imagery -metaphor -irony -syntax etc.
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How can a poet achieve musical quality in a poem?
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1. Through the choice and arrangement of sounds 2. By the arrangement of accents
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Name the essential elements of music in poetry.
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-Repetition -Variation
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In what forms does repetition occur?
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-vowel sounds -consonant sounds -whole syllables -words -phrases -lines -groups of lines
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Alliteration
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The repetition of initial consonant sounds
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Assonance
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The repetition of vowel sounds
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Consonance
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The repetition of final consonant sounds
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Rhyme
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The repetition of the accented vowel and any succeeding consonant sounds
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Masculine Rhyme
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Rhyme sounds only involve one syllable
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Feminine Rhyme
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Rhyme sounds that involve two or more syllables
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Internal Rhyme
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When one or more rhyming words are present within the lines
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End Rhyme
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Rhyming words occur at the end of lines
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Approximate Rhyme
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Inclusion of words with any kind of sound similarity from close to fairly remote
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Refrain
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Repetition of words, phrases, lines, or groups of lines
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What is Rhyme?
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It is the rise and fall of language
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What is Rhyme based on?
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It is based on accents, stresses and pauses
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One or more syllabled words are...
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Accented or Stressed
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Rhetorical Stresses
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Used to make intentions clear
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End-Stop Line
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The end of a line corresponds to a natural speech pause
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Run-On-Line
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The sense of the line moves on without pause into the next line
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Caesuras
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Pauses that occur within lines
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What is the basic type of Poetry?
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Free Verse
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Prose Poem
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Poetry that depends entirely on ordinary prose rhythms
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Meter
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Identifying characteristic of rhythmic language that we can tap our feet to
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What does rhyme do?
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It designates the flow of actual pronounced sound
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What does meter do?
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It refers to patterns that sounds follow when a poet has arranged them into metrical verse
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Types of Metrical Feet
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1. Iambic 2. Trochaic 3. Anapestic 4.Dactylic 4. Spondaic 5. Pyrrhic
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Iambic
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unstressed/stressed
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Trochaic
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stressed/unstressed
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Anapestic
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unstressed/unstressed/stressed
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Dactylic
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stressed/unstressed/unstressed
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Spondaic
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stressed/stressed
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Pyrrhic *(rare)
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unstressed/unstressed
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Kinds of Metrical Lines
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1.Monometer 2.Diameter 3.Trimeter 4.Tetrameter 5.Pentameter 6.Hexameter 7.Heptameter 8.Octameter
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Stanza
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Group of lines whose metrical pattern is repeated throughout the poem
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Metrical Variation
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A depart from what is regular
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What are the kinds of metrical variaiton?
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1. Substitution 2. Extrametrical syllables 3. Truncation
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Substitiution
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Replacing regular foot with another one
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Extrametrical Syllables
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Added at the beginning or end of lines
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Truncation
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The omission of an unaccented syllable at either end of a line
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Scansion
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The process of defining metrical form
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Define Scansion
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1. Identify prevailing foot 2. Name the number of feet in a line 3. Describe the stanzaic pattern
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Onomatopoeia
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Words that sound like what they mean
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Euphonious
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Pleasant sounding
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Cacophonous
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Harsh sounding
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Phonetic Intensives
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Words whose sound to some degree suggest their meaning
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Synesthesia
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the stimulation of two or more senses simultaneously
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What are the ways a poet can convey meaning through sound?
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1. Onomatopoeia 2. Phonetic intensive; choosing sound and grouping them to form euphonious or cacophonous sounds 3. controlling speed and movement of the lines 4. Controlling sound and meter so that emphasis is put on words that are important
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What are the two ways that a poem can be arranged?
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1. Structure 2. Form
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Structure
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The arrangement of ideas, images and thoughts
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Form
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Internal order of materials
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Continuous Form
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the lines follow each other without formal grouping
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Stanzaic Form
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the poet writes in a series of stanzas -have same # of lines -have same metrical pattern -often have identical rhyme scheme
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Fixed Form
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traditional pattern that applies to whole poem
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Sonnet
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14 lines almost always in iambic pentameter
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Italian Sonnet
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-divided between 8 lines, called octave -uses 2 rhymes arranged (abbaabba) -and 6 lines called sestet in either (cdcdcd) or (cdecde)
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English/Shakespearean Sonnet
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-(abab) (cdcd) (efef) (gg) -has 3 quatrains -concludes in a couplet
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Villanelle
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-19 lines - 5 three line stanzas (tercets) - concluding quatrain
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Sentementality
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Indulgence of emotion for its own sake or expression of more emotion that an occasion warrants
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Rhetorical
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poetry uses language more glittering and high-flown that its substance warrants
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Didactic
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Poetry has primary purpose to teach or to preach
