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is represented by putting double quotes around the text Examples: "This is a string literal." "123 Main Street" "X"

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literal

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Every character string is an object in Java, defined by the ?

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String class

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Every string literal represents a ____ object

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String

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object represents a destination (the monitor screen) to which we can send output

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System.out

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The ____ method is similar to the println method, except that it does not advance to the next line

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print

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Therefore anything printed after a print statement will appear on the?

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same line

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operator (+) is used to append one string to the end of another

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string concatenation

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It can also be used to append a number to a string A string literal cannot be broken across two lines in a program

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String Concatenation

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operator is also used for arithmetic addition

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+

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+++ If both operands are strings, or if one is a string and one is a number, it performs

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string concatenation

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+ operator If both operands are numeric?

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it adds them

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The + operator is evaluated left to right, but _____can be used to force the order

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parentheses

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is a series of characters that represents a special character

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escape sequence

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sequence begins with a backslash character ()

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escape

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is a name for a location in memory that holds a value

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variable

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specifies the variable's name and the type of information that it will hold

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variable declaration

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changes the value of a variable

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assignment statement

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is an identifier that is similar to a variable except that it holds the same value during its entire existence

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constant

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As the name implies, it is constant, not?

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variable

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The compiler will issue an ____if you try to change the value of a constant

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error

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In Java, we use the___ modifier to declare a constant

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final

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First, they give meaning to otherwise unclear literal values Example: MAX_LOAD means more than the literal 250 Second, they facilitate program maintenance If a constant is used in multiple places, its value need only be set in one place Third, they formally establish that a value should not change, avoiding inadvertent errors by other programmers

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Constants

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There are eight primitive data types in Java

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Four of them represent integers: byte, short, int, long Two of them represent floating point numbers: float, double One of them represents characters: char And one of them represents boolean values: boolean

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The difference between the numeric primitive types is their ?

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size and the values they can store:

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A ____variable stores a single character

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char

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Note the difference between a primitive character variable, which holds only one character, and a ____ object, which can hold multiple characters

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String

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is an ordered list of characters, with each character corresponding to a unique number

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character set

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variable in Java can store any character from the Unicode character set

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char

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set uses sixteen bits per character, allowing for 65,536 unique characters

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Unicode character

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It is an international character set, containing symbols and characters from many world languages

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Unicode character

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character set is older and smaller than Unicode, but is still quite popular

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ASCII character set

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are a subset of the Unicode character set, including:

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ASCII characters

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value represents a true or false condition

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boolean

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true and false are the only valid values for a boolean type

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reserved words

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variable can also be used to represent any two states, such as a light bulb being on or off

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boolean

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is a combination of one or more operators and operands

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expression

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compute numeric results and make use of the arithmetic operators:

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Arithmetic expressions

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If either or both operands are floating point values, then the result is a

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floating point value

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If both operands to the division operator (/) are integers, the result is an

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integer (the fractional part is discarded)

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returns the remainder after dividing the first operand by the second

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The remainder operator (%)

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Operators

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can be combined into larger expressions result = total + count / max - offset

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precedence

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Operators have a well-defined _____ which determines the order in which they are evaluated

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Multiplication, division, and remainder

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_____, _____, and_____ are evaluated before addition, subtraction, and string concatenation

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parentheses

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Arithmetic operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right, but can be ____used to force the evaluation order

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expression tree

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The evaluation of a particular expression can be shown using an ____ ____

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assignment operator

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has a lower precedence than the arithmetic operators

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The increment (++) and decrement (--)

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operators use only one operand

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The statement count++ is functionally equivalent to

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count = count + 1

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postfix or prefix

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The increment and decrement operators can be applied in ____form: count++ or ____ form: ++count

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The entire right-hand expression is evaluated first, then the result is combined with the original variable •Therefore result /= (total-MIN) % num

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result = result / ((total-MIN) % num) is equivalent to?

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If the operands to the += operator are strings, the assignment operator performs ______ _____

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string concatenation

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The behavior of an assignment operator (+=) is always consistent with the behavior of the corresponding operator ;

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(+)

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Widening conversions

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are safest because they tend to go from a small data type to a larger one (such as a short to an int);

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Narrowing conversions

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can lose information because they tend to go from a large data type to a smaller one (such as an int to a short);

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In Java, data conversions can occur in three ways

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assignment conversion, promotion,casting;

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Promotion

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happens automatically when operators in expressions convert their operands;

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Casting

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is the most powerful, and dangerous, technique for conversion

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widening and narrowing conversions

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can be accomplished by explicitly casting a value

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cast

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To ______, the type is put in parentheses in front of the value being converted;

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input

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Programs generally need _____on which to operate

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Scanner class

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provides convenient methods for reading input values of various types

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Scanner object

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can be set up to read input from various sources, including the user typing values on the keyboard

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System.in object

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Keyboard input is represented by the?

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Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in)

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The following line creates a Scanner object that reads from the keyboard

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new operator

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creates the Scanner object

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Scanner object

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can be used to invoke various input methods, such as: answer = scan.nextLine()

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java.util class

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The Scanner class is part of the ______ library, and must be imported into a program to be used

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nextLine method

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reads all of the input until the end of the line is found

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white space

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is used to separate the elements (called tokens) of the input

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White space

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includes space characters, tabs, new line characters

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string

answer

The next method of the Scanner class reads the next input token and returns it as a ______

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Methods

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such as nextInt and nextDouble read data of particular types

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picture or drawing

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must be digitized for storage on a computer

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A picture

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is made up of pixels (picture elements), and each pixel is stored separately

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picture resolution

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The number of pixels used to represent a picture is called the ?

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monitor resolution

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The number of pixels that can be displayed by a monitor is called the

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pixel

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Each _____ can be identified using a two-dimensional coordinate system

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coordinate system

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When referring to a pixel in a Java program, we use a _____with the origin in the top-left corner Y X (0, 0) (112, 40) 112 40

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Red, Green, and Blue

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Every color can be represented as a mixture of the three additive primary colors?

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RGB value

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Each color is represented by three numbers between 0 and 255 that collectively are called an ?

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color

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in a Java program is represented as an object created from the Color class

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A Java application

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is a stand-alone program with a main method (like the ones we've seen so far)

question

A Java applet

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is a program that is intended to be transported over the Web and executed using a web browser

question

An applet also

answer

can be executed using the appletviewer tool of the Java SDK

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main method

answer

An applet doesn't have a_____?

question

paint method

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is executed automatically whenever the applet's contents are drawn

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paint method

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accepts a parameter that is an object of the Graphics class

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Graphics object

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defines a graphics context on which we can draw shapes and text

question

Graphics class

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has several methods for drawing shapes

question

An applet

answer

is embedded into an HTML file using a tag that references the bytecode file of the applet

question

The bytecode

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version of the program is transported across the web and executed by a Java interpreter that is part of the browser

question

A shape

answer

can be filled or unfilled, depending on which method is invoke

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The method parameters

answer

specify coordinates and sizes

question

Shapes with curves

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, like an oval, are usually drawn by specifying the shape's bounding rectangle

question

An arc

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can be thought of as a section of an oval

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An arc

answer

is defined by an oval, a start angle, and an arc angle:

question

Every drawing surface

answer

has a background color

question

Every graphics context

answer

has a current foreground color

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