Marshall 7th Grade Science Vocabulary – Flashcards
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matter
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Anything that occupies space and has mass
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gravity
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A force of attraction of the earth for a given object, or of one mass to another
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weight
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A measure of the force of gravity acting on an object
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spring scale
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The tool used to measure force
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Newton (N)
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The basic metric unit of measure of force
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mass
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A measure of the amount of matter in an object
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balance
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The tool used to measure mass
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kilogram (kg)
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The basic metric unit of measure of mass
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length
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The measure of the distance from one point to another
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meter stick
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A tool used to measure length
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meter (m)
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The basic metric unit of measure for length
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volume
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A measure of the amount of space occupied by an object
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graduate
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A tool used to measure volume
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liter (L)
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The basic metric unit of measure of volume
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meniscus
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The curved surface found at the top of a contained liquid
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energy
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The ability to do work or cause change
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kinetic energy
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Energy of motion
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potential energy
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Energy an object has due to position or state
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Law of Conservation of Energy
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change from one form to another
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scientific method
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A process used for gathering evidence that leads to understanding
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observation
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An examination of something using your senses
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hypothesis
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A possible answer to a problem and a statement that can be tested
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experiment
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A controlled procedure designed to test a hypothesis with measurable results
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data
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Carefully documented results of an experiment used to draw a conclusion
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conclusion
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A statement that proves if the data supports the hypothesis
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control group
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The group in which all variables remain the same
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experimental group
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The group in which one variable has been changed
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infer
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The process of drawing conclusions based on experience and prior knowledge
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variables
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All factors that can influence the outcome of an experiment
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independent variable
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The variable that is deliberately changed by the experimenter; the manipulated variable (x-axis)
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dependent variable
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The variable being measured and observed; the responding variable (y-axis)
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constant variables
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The variables that remain the same throughout the experiment; constants or controlled variables
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inversely proportional
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A relationship where two variables change by the same factor in opposite directions
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directly proportional
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A relationship where two variables change by the same factor in the same direction
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solid
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The state of matter that has a definite volume and shape and doesn't flow
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liquid
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The state of matter that has a definite volume, no definite shape, and flows
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gas
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The state of matter that does not have a definite shape or volume, and flows
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plasma
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The state of matter that is a hot gas of electrically charged particles
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temperature
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The measure of the kinetic energy of individual atoms
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thermal energy
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The measure of the kinetic energy of all of the atoms or molecules added together
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heat
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The flow of thermal energy
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heat conduction or conduction
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The transfer of thermal energy by direct contact of matter
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convection
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The transfer of thermal energy through the motion of fluids
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thermal radiation
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The transfer of thermal energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
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element
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A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
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atom
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The smallest particle of an element that can combine chemically with other elements
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compound
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A substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined
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molecule
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The smallest particle of a compound that has the properties of the compound
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mixture
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A combination of two or more kinds of matter that can be separated by physical means
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homogeneous mixture
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A mixture that has the same make-up throughout
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heterogeneous mixture
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A mixture that has a varied make-up throughout
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physical change
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A change in which the appearance changes, but the chemical makeup remains the same
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chemical change
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A change in which the chemical makeup changes, producing one or more new substances
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physical properties
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A substance's characteristics that can be observed without changing its chemical makeup
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chemical properties
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A substance's characteristics that allow it to resist or undergo chemical changes
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melting point
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Temperature at which a solid starts to change into a liquid
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freezing point
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Temperature at which a liquid starts to change into a solid
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boiling point
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Temperature at which a liquid starts to boil at sea level and vaporization begins
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condensation point
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Temperature at which a gas starts to change into a liquid
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sublimation
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When a solid changes directly into a gas without ever becoming a liquid
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deposition
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When a gas changes directly into a solid without ever becoming a liquid
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solubility
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The ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance
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Temperature that water boils in Fahrenheit (°F) at
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212°F
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Temperature at which water freezes in Fahrenheit (°F)
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32°F
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Temperature that water boils in Celsius (°C) at
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100°C
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Temperature at which water freezes in Celsius (°C)
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0°C
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Celsius to Fahrenheit
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°F=(9/5 x °C) + 32
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Fahrenheit to Celsius
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°C=5/9 x (°F-32)
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Celsius to Kelvin
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C + 273=K *Has to be Celsius! Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius if Fahrenheit first*
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To get density
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m / V=D
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To get mass
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D x V=m
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To get volume
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m / D=V
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density
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The mass per unit of volume of a substance
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malleability
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Property of a solid indicating its ability to be pounded into many shapes
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tensile strength
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Property of a solid indicating the amount of tension it can resist before breaking
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brittleness
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Property of a solid telling indicating how easily it will break when force is applied
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hardness
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Property of a solid indicating its ability to resist being scratched
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elasticity
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Property of a solid indicating its ability to stretch and then return to its original size and shape
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cohesion
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The attraction between particles of the same substance
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adhesion
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The attraction between particles of different substances
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viscosity
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A liquid's resistance to flow
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surface tension
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The tendency of a liquid to form a skin at the surface
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fluid
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Any matter that flows when pressure is applied
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buoyancy
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The amount of upward force a fluid exerts on an object
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pressure
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The amount of force per unit area of surface
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Archimedes' Principle
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The buoyant force exerted on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
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Bernoulli's Principle
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When the speed of a fluid is increased, its internal pressure is decreased
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Pascal's Law
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Pressure applied to a confined fluid pushes equally in all directions
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Boyle's Law
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A gas law that states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume when the temperature is constant
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Charles' Law
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A gas law that states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional its temperature when the pressure is constant
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Gay-Lussac's Law
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A gas law that states that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature when the volume is constant
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electron
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A negatively charged particle in an atom
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proton
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A positively charged particle in an atom
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neutron
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A particle in an atom that has no charge
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nucleus
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The positively charged central core of an atom containing the neutrons and protons
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ion
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A charged particle formed when electrons are gained or lost
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iosotopes
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Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons
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atomic number
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The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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mass number
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The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
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atomic mass
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The average of the masses in an element's isotopes
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chemical bonds
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A force that holds atoms together in molecules
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ionic bonds
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A bond formed by an electron transfer
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covalent bonds
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A bond formed by sharing electrons
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valence electrons
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The electrons in the outermost energy level
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periodic table
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A chart in which elements are grouped according to their properties and increasing atomic numbers
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periods
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The seven numbered horizontal ( > ) rows on the Periodic Table. Elements in each period have: *different* chemical and physical properties a *different* number of valence electrons the *same* number of energy levels
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groups
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The eighteen numbered vertical (^) columns on the Periodic Table. Elements in each group have: *similar* chemical and physical properties the *same* number of valence electrons *different* number of energy levels
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metals
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Elements that are: 1 - lustrous 2 - good conductors of heat & electricity, 3 - malleable 4 - tend to lose electrons in chemical reactions 5 - are found on the left side of the Periodic Table
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nonmetals
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Elements that : 1 - lack luster 2 - are poor conductors heat and electricity 3 - are not malleable 4 - tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions 5 - found on the right side of the Periodic Table
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Law of Conservation of Mass
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A law that states that in a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products
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chemical reaction
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A process in which chemical bonds break and atoms combine into *new kinds of matter* with different properties
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reactant
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The starting substances in a chemical reaction
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product
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The new substance(s) that are formed in a chemical reaction
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precipitate
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A solid that separates from a solution
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activation energy
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The energy required to break the bonds in a chemical reaction
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exothermic reaction
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A chemical reaction that releases energy
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endothermic reaction
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A chemical reaction that absorbs energy
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chemical symbol
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A one or two letter symbol for an element
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chemical formula
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A group of symbols that shows the makeup for a compound
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solvent
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The substance in the solution that does the dissolving
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solute
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The substance in the solution that is dissolved
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solution
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A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
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emulsion
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A temporary suspension of immiscible liquids
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miscible
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Liquids that are soluble in each other
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immiscible
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Liquids that are not soluble in each other
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homogenization
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Process in which particles in an emulsion are broken up so they do not separate
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saturated
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A solution that contains the most solute that can be dissolved under existing conditions
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concentrated
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Solution with large amounts of solute in the solvent
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dilute
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Solution with small amounts of solute in the solvent
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diffusion
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The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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concentration
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The amount of solute in a given amount of solution
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dissolve
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To break down into smaller particles
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acid
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A substance that ionizes in water giving up hydrogen ions (H+) *to water* to form hydronium ions (H3O+)
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base
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A substance that ionizes in water and accepts hydrogen ions (H+) *from water* to form hydroxide ions (OH-)
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salt
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A compound formed when the positive ions of a base and the negative ions of an acid react
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indicator
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A substance that changes color in the presence of a certain ion to indicate the pH value
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neutralization reaction
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A balance of acids and bases so that the hydronium ions and the hydroxide ions are present in equal amounts to form water and a salt.
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pH scale
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A scale that measures the acidic or basic strength of a solution on a scale of 1-14
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relative concentration
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A comparison of the concentration of one substance to the concentration of another substance
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universal solvent
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A solvent in which almost any substance will dissolve
