Biology Chapter 6: Meiosis and Mendel Vocabulary – Flashcards
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LESSON 1
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lesson 1
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somatic cell
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cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes.
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gamete
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sex cell; an egg or a sperm cell.
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homologous chromosomes
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chromosome that have the same length, appearance, and copies of genes, although the alleles may differ.
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autosome
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chromosome that contains genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of the organism.
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sex chromosome
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chromosome that directly controls the development of sexual characteristics.
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sexual reproduction
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process by which 2 gametes fuse and offspring that are produced are a genetic mixture of both parents are produced.
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fertilization
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fusion of an egg and sperm.
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diploid
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cell that has 2 copies of each chromosome, one from an egg and one from a sperm.
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haploid
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cell that has only one copy of each chromosome.
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meiosis
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form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into hapliod cells; important in forming gametes for sexual reproduction.
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LESSON 2
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lesson 2
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gametogenosis
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process by which gametes are produced through the combination of meiosis and other maturational changes.
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sperm
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male gamete
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egg
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female gamete
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polar body
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haploid cell produced during meiosis in the female of many species; these cells have little more than DNA and eventually disintegrate.
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LESSON 3
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lesson 3
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trait
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characteristic that is inherited.
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genetics
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study of the heredity patterns and variation of organisms.
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purebred
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type of organism whose ancestors are genetically uniform.
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cross
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mating of 2 organisms.
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law of segregation
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Mendel's first law, stating that (1) organisms inherit 2 copies of genes, one form each parent, and (2) organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes because the genes separate during gamete formation.
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LESSON 4
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lesson 4
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gene
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specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein.
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allele
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any of the alternate forms of a gene that occurs at a specific place on a chromosome.
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homozygous
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characteristic of having two of the same alleles at the same locus of sister chromatids.
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heterozygous
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characteristic of having two different alleles that appear at the same locus of sister chromatids.
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genome
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all of an organism's genetic material.
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phenotype
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collection of all of an organism's physical characteristics.
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genotype
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collection of all of an organism's genetic info that codes for traits.
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dominant
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allele that is expressed when two different alleles are present in an organism's genotype.
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recessive
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allele that is not expressed unless 2 copies are present in an organism's genotype.
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LESSON 5
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lesson 5
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Punnet square
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model for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a cross, or mating.
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monohybrid cross
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cross, or mating, between 2 organisms that involve one pari of contrasting traits.
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testcross
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cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with a recessive phenotype.
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dihybrid cross
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cross, or mating, between organisms involving two pairs of contrasting traits.
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law of independent assortment
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Mendel's second law, stating that allele pairs separate from one another during gamete formation.
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probability
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likelihood that a particular event will happen.
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LESSON 6
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lesson 6
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crossing over
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exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.
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gene linkage
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tendency for genes located close together on the same chromosome to be inherited together.
