Ap Human Geography Culture Answers – Flashcards
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Acculturation
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Def: Process of adopting only certain customs that will be to their advantage. Sentence: A lot of religions use acculturation. Example: an Italian could live in America and he speaks english in America but Italian to his relatives in Italy
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Assimilation
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Def: Process of less dominant cultures losing their culture to a more dominant culture. Sentence: Many languages have almost been assimilated. Example: hebrew, Ge'ez
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Cultural Core/ Periphery Pattern
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Def: The core-periphery idea that the core houses main economic power of region and the outlying region or periphery houses lesser economic ties. Sentence: A Cultural Core is similar to a hearth. Example: buddhism came from India
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Cultural Realm
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Def: The entire region throughout which a culture prevails. Criteria that may be chosen to define culture realms include religion, language, diet, customs, or economic development. Sentence: Every religion has a cultural realm. Example: jewish and islamic no pork law
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Adaptive Strategies
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Def: To describe a society's system of economic penalism. Sentence: There are many different types of adaptive strategies. Example: Someone who cannot see a Web page may tab through the links on a page as one strategy for helping skim the content.
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Built Environment
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Def: The term built environment refers to the human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter and buildings to neighborhoods and cites, and can often include their supporting infrastructure, such as water supply or energy networks. Sentence: There are many different structures in a built ennvironment. Example: neighborhoods, well
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Material/ Nonmaterial Culture
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Def: Material Culture is all the things that people make and use in society. Nonmaterial Culture is all the aspects of a culture that do not have a physical existence. Sentence: Material and nonmaterial culture make up big parts of someone's culture. Example: M: sacred spaces N: gods
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Folk Culture
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Def: Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. Sentence: Folk Culture are almost always clustered. Example: amish
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Popular Culture
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Def: Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics. Sentence: Popular Culture can be found in clustered and dispersed groups. Example: christianity, islamic
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Housing (Folk and Pop)
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Def: Folk Housing are building styles that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area. Pop Housing are building styles that become popular and are made in mass productions. Sentence: Folk Housing goes by tradition and Pop Housing goes by what's in style. Example: F: amish houses P: legacy park houses
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Creole
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Def: A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Sentence: When missionaries were recruiting people they made a lot of creoles. Example: spanglish and franglais
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Dialect
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Def: A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation. Sentence: Your dialect almost always comes from where you have lived. Example: hispanic and asian dialects are usually fast paced when they are speaking their own language
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Indo-European Languages
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Def: The Indo-European languages are a family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and South Asia. Sentence: Indo-European languages are the base of almost all languages. Example: romance languages and germanic languages
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Isogloss
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Def: A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate. Sentence: There would be a lot of different countries if the whole world went by the Isogloss boundaries. Example: The Benrath line distinguishes High German from the other West Germanic languages, and the La Spezia-Rimini Line divides the Northern Italian dialects from Central Italian dialects.
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Lingua Franca
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Def: A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages. Sentence: There are two well known lingua francas. Example: spanglish and franglais
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Official Language
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Def: The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents. Sentence: The official language of a country is mainly determined by what the majority speaks. Example: in Kenya it is English
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Pidgin
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Def: A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages. Sentence: There are many pidgin languages that derive from creole languages. Example: hawaiin pidgin, nigerian pidgin
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Toponymy
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Def: The study of place names. Sentence: Toponymy is a very interesting study. Example: they study places like St.Peters Basilica
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Trade Language
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Def: A new language formed by two or more communities who can't understand each other's languages attempting to communicate. Sentence: Most trade languages don't make any sense. Example: english is a major one
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Animism
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Def: Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and life. *This is important because a lot of cultures around the world believe in Animism!* Sentence: Animism has to do with a lot of non-living things. Example: water god, earth god, fire god
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Buddhism
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Def: The third of the world's major universalizing religions. It has 365 million adherents especially in China and Southeast Asia. *This is important because a large percent of the earth's population follow Buddhism beliefs!* Sentence: Buddhism is the world's third largest religion. Example: mainly in Southeast Asia
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Christianity (and Protestant Sects)
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Def: Is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. *This is important because it's the most popular religion in the world!* Sentence: Christianity is the largest religion in the world. Example: started in Europe spread throughout world
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Ethnic Religion
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Def: A religion with a rather concentrated distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location where its adherents are located. *This is important because most religions start off as a Ethnic Religion!* Sentence: Ethnic Religions are very small and clustered. Example: Judaism, hinduism in the Caribbean
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Fundamentalism
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Def: Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of religion. *This is important because there are a lot of Fundamentalists in all religions!* Sentence: Fundamentalism is the base of all religions. Example: Al-Queda and the Taliban are both examples of Islamic Fundamentalist.
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Hadj (Hajj)
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Def: The pilgrimage to Mecca for Islam followers. It's the fifth of the five pillars. *This is important because just about all Islam followers try the pilgrimage there!* Sentence: Hadj has to be done at least once in an Islamic followers life. Example: Mecca gets over a million tourists a year
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Hinduism
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Def: Created in India, approximately one billion followers. Unlike other religions, heaven isn't always the ultumate goal in life. Third largest in world behind Christianity and Islam. Talk about Karma (what goes around comes around). *This is important because such a large number of people follow the religion and it's unlike any other one!* Sentence: Hinduism is also the third largest religion in the world. Example: almost all of hindus are in India
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Interfaith boundaries
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Def: The boundaries between the world's major faiths, such as Christianity, Muslim, and Buddhism. This isn't the same as Intrafaith boundaries which describes the boundaries within a major religion. *This is important because it seperates different groups of people for different reasons!* Sentence: Interfaith boundaries seperate different groups of people. Example: christianity believes in God, Muslims believe in Allah, Buddhism believes in no God
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Islam
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Def: It means the submission to the will of god. It's a monotheistic religion origination with the teachings of Muhammad, a key religious figure. It is the second largest religion in the world. *This is important because it has impacted the world greatly, especially boundaries!* Sentence: Islamic people don't eat pork. Example: Mostly practiced in the Middle East
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Jainism
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Def: Religion and philosophy originating in ancient India. Stresses spiritual independence and equality throughout all life. *This is important because a lot of people believe in it in India!* Sentence: Jainism started in ancient India. Example: It is almost everywhere in India like Hinduism
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Judaism
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Def: It is the religion of ancient Hebrews, said to be one of the first monotheistic faiths. *This is important because many other religions have been based off it!* Sentence: Judaism came from ancient Hebrews. Example: Many moved from their diaspora to Israel
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Landscapes of the Dead
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Def: The certain areas where people have commonly been buried. *This is important because it has always been important where people are buried!* Sentence: Almost every religion has a landscape of the dead. Example: cemetery for christianity and islam
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Monotheism/ Polytheism
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Def: Monotheism is the belief in one god and polytheism is the belief of many gods.*This is important because many religions spread throughout the world fall under these two categories!* Sentence: Almost all religions are monotheistic. Hinduism is polytheistic. Example: M: christianity, islam, judaism P: hinduism
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Mormonism
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Def: A term used to describe religious, ideological, and cultural aspects of the various denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. *This is important because a lot of people around the world practice Mormonism!* Sentence: A lot of people around the world practice Mormonism. Example: Mormons are mostly in Utah in the U.S.
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Proselytic Religion
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Def: Referred to as a Universalizing Religion, which is an attempt to be global, to appeal to all people wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location. There are three religions that practice this they are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. To proselytize is to try to convert another person to your religion. *This is important because these are three of the biggest religions in the world they are practiced all over the world!* Sentence: The three biggest proselytic religion are the most practiced all over the world. Example: christianity, islam, buddhism
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Religious Cultural Hearths
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Def: This is where most religions are born. Most major religions have come from the Middle East near Israel, but a few have come from India too. *This is important because where religions are created, civilizations are too!* Sentence: Most religions have religious cultural hearths in the Middle East. Example: Southern Saudi Arabia around Mecca for Islam, Jerusalem/Bethlehem for Christianity
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Religious Toponyms
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Def: This refers to the origin and meaning of the names of religions. *This is important because many names mean significant things including beliefs of cultures!* Sentence: Religious Toponyms usually come from the people who started the religion. Example: St.Peters Basilica (the St. before catholic places)
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Sacred Space
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Def: The place where religious figures and congregations meet to perform religious ceremonies. *This is important because a lot of history has taken place at sacred spaces!* Sentence: There are eight sacred spaces in Buddhism. Example: hindi temples, buddhist stupas
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Secularism
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Def: This is the belief that humans should be based on facts and not religious beliefs. *This is important because this has caused conflicts in a lot of different places including politics!* Sentence: Many people are against Secularism. Example: people who go to church say that people who believe in Secularism don't believe in Jesus
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Sharia Law
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Def: The legal framework within which public and some private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on Muslim principles. *This is important because it affects many Muslims around the world!* Sentence: Sharia Law is very important to Muslims. Example: cannot eat pork rule and pilgrimage rule
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Shintoism
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Def: Said to be the way of god. It is the native religion of Japan and was once its state religion. It involves the worship of kami (a god). Not very significant anymore and lost importance to today. *This is important because before WWII it was very popular and affected a lot of people in Japan!* Sentence: Shintoism was one of the very popular religions in Japan during WWII. Example: Almost all are in Japan and mostly the rest is in South Korea and Canada
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Sikhism
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Def: Is a religion that began in sixteenth century Northern India. The principal belief in Sikhism is faith in Vāhigurū. Emphasizes faith in god. *This is important because its another minor religion in India that affects a lot of people!* Sentence: Sikhism has spread a lot to the United States. Example: the religion is mostly in India
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Syncretic Religion
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Def: Separate religions that combine into a new religion. Sentence: Baha'i faith is a syncretic religion. Example: Baha'i is made up of almost all well known religions
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Theocracy
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Def: A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god. Sentence: There are only two state theocracies in world. Example: the Vatican and Iran
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Universalizing Religion
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Def: A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location. Sentence: There are three major universalizing religions. Example: christianity, islam, buddhism
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Zoroastrianism
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Def: A monotheistic pre-Islamic religion of ancient Persia founded by Zoroaster in the 6th century bc. Sentence: There are not a lot of people that practice Zoroastrianism. Example: The few zoroastrianists are spreaded all around the world in some places including England, Australia, and Canada
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Barrio
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Def: A poor neighborhood populated by Spanish-speaking people. Sentence: The most barrios are on the border of the United States and Mexico. Example: El Paso, Texas
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Cultural Shatterbelt
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Def: A politically unstable region where differing cultural elements come into contact and conflict. Cultural clashes. Sentence: There are a lot of cultural shatterbelts in Asia. Example: Indonesia with a background of multicultural, ethnicities and religions.
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Ethnic Cleansing
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Def: Process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. Sentence: There were many ethnic cleansings during WWII. Example: Nazis wiping out Jews, Stalin wiping out peasant Ukranians
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Ethnic Enclave
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Def: When a community or ethnic group is trapped and is completely surrounded by an unfriendly population or government. Sentence: There are many ethnic enclaves in the Middle East. Example: The gaza strip, but can also mean the ghettos in U.S.
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Ethnic Homeland
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Def: The homeland of the ethnic groups. Sentence: A lot of ethnic homelands are in Asia. Example: The homeland of the Amish: Switzerland, Alsace, south Germany.
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Ethnicity
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Def: Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. Sentence: The ethnicity of someone also almost usually has to do with race. Example: Jewish, Muslim, Kurd
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Ethnocentrism
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Def: Beliefs of an ethnic group that their ethnicity is better. Sentence: There were many people who thought of ethnocentrism. Example: Hitler, Stalin, Ivan the Terrible
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Ghetto
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Def: During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by low to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure. Sentence: There are many ghettos in Atlanta. Example: downtown atlanta, cheap neighborhoods
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Race
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Def: Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor. Sentence: There are many different races. Example: African American, Hispanic, Caucasian
