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Rural settlement

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Sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities. Live in villages, hamlets on farms, or in other isolated houses. Typically have an agricultural character, with an economy based on logging, mining, petroleum, natural gas or tourism (ecotourism).

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Dispersed

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characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in the area.

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Nucleated

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a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings (e.g., Asian longhouse)

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Rural dwellings: -Unchanged-traditional

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layout, construction, and appearance have not been significantly altered by external influences.

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Rural dwellings: -Modified-traditional

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new building materials used, but no change to the original structure or layout.

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-Modernized-traditional

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materials and layout have been changed (e.g. multiple bathrooms, two-car garage, aluminum siding, etc...)

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Modern

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sacrifices tradition for practicality & efficiency; reflects advanced technology, comfort, affluence, and suburbanization (most common in US)

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Building materials

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(wood, brick, stone, wattle, grass & brush) houses and buildings are typically built from materials that are abundant in the area.

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Folk-housing

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building styles that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area; there are three distinct folk-housing regions in the United States (by way of Europe):

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-New England

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dating back to colonial times is of wood-frame and diffused past Wisconsin.

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Mid Atlantic

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style originated as a one-room log cabin with a chimney at one end diffusing into Missouri, Arkansas, and Mississippi.

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Southern (Tidewater South

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style was originally smaller, only one story, and a porch that diffused southward into Georgia. They were often built on a raised platform to reduce heat.

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Maladaptive diffusion

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diffusion of an idea or innovation that is not suitable for the environment in which it diffused into (e.g., New England-style homes in Hawaii, or Ranch-style homes in northeast US).

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Village forms

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linear, cluster, round, walled, grid pattern

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Patterns of Rural Settlement

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particular to the region in which they originated, or diffused to other parts of the world through diffusion and colonization.

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Primogeniture

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system which the eldest son in a family (or daughter if necessary) inherits all of a dying parent's land (tradition brought by the Normans to England).

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Cadastral system

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survey system that determines the value, extent, and ownership of land for purposes of taxation.

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Rectangular

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(Public Land Survey) US system set up to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains (e.g., Township-and-Range System).

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Survey systems: -Long Lots (French)

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houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular along a river, so that each original settler had equal river access.

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Metes and Bounds (English

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uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances, to define the boundaries of a particular piece of land. Metes refers to boundary defined by a measurement of a straight run, bounds refers to a more general boundary, such as a waterway, wall, public road, or existing building.

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Township-and-Range (U.S.A)

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survey's used west of Ohio, after the purchase of the Louisiana Purchase. Land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range). Ranges were then broken into smaller parcels to be sold or given to people to develop.

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Caloric intake

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often excessive in the core and deficient in the periphery (e.g., >50% of US adult population is overweight, ... >30,000 people starve to death each day worldwide!) (World Bank determines 2,500 calories per day is adequate).

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Dietary balance

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calories alone does not determine a balanced diet, but necessary requirements for the body to function and survive (e.g., the "food pyramid")

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Hidden hunger

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people who may consume enough calories to survive, but lack certain nutrients - specifically protein (protein deficiency in the first three years can cause permanent damage; both to mental capacity & physical growth).

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Debt-for-nature swap

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when agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources.

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Life expectancy

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(infant & child mortality rate) a figure indicating how long an average person may be expected to live. Normally expressed in the context of a state. Relatively high mortality rates may drastically lower life expectancy, as seen in many least developed countries (LDCs).

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Early urbanization

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emerging from the First Agricultural Revolution.

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Egalitarian society

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civilization in which all people are equal; typical of most hunter-gatherer societies.

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Stratified society

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civilization in which people exist in different classes; the development of farming and early cities began this process.

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Formative era

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time where the major urban hearths came into exist stance (e.g., for the Fertile Crescent this occurred between 7,000 - 5,000 BCE (Before Common Era - same as BC (Before Christ)).

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Urban elite

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group of socially, politically, or economically dominant figures in a society.

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Theocratic center

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focus of religious activity or importance

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Medieval Optimum (Medieval Warm Period)

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a time of warm weather around CE 800-1300 (Common Era - same as AD (Anno Domini) during the European Medieval period. The effect may largely have been focused in the Northern Atlantic. Little Ice Age (16th - 19th c.): period of global cooling after the Medieval Warm Period (~9th c. to 14th c.); greatly affected the northern empires of Rome and China (e.g., encouraged the migration of people to the cities in England due to shrinking farmlands providing factories with an abundant supply of cheap labor.

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Societal Classification

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Gideon Sjoberg; cities changed over time:

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Folk-preliterate

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earliest cities, predating written languages.

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Feudal

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arose during the Middle Ages which actually stagnated urban growth in Europe; fostered a dependent relationship between wealthy landowners and peasants - provided few alternative economic alternatives.

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Preindustrial

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found in societies without sophisticated machine technology, where human and animal labor form the basis for economic production (no city moved past this stage until the Industrial Revolution).

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Urban-industrial

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predominate in the modernized nations of Western Europe, America, Japan (and to a lesser extent where their cultures have globalized) where productivity through machines, and energy sources from fossil fuels and atomic power phenomenally expand economic productivity.

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Urban banana

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(crescent-shaped zone): urbanized zone that spread from India and the Far East (China & Japan) across the Islamic Empires, and into Europe; followed mostly along the silk and spice trade routes.

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Medieval city

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European-style city with high density of development, narrow buildings, and an ornate church at the city center, with high walls for defense (walls proved futile when gunpowder made its way into Europe by the 1300s).

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Mercantile city

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Atlantic maritime trade disrupted old trade routes & centers of power starting in the 1500s (from interior to coastal ports); central square became focus ("downtown"), these cities became nodes of a network of trade; brought huge riches to Europe (e.g. Lisbon, Amsterdam, London, ...).

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Manufacturing city

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grew out of the Industrial Revolution and the "Little Ice Age"; associated w/ mushrooming population, factories, tenement buildings, railroads, ...; poor living & health conditions; cities improved w/ government intervention, city planning, and zoning, ...

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Modern city

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(modern architecture) little attention is spent on building aesthetics or ornate designs; improved transportation & road systems has allowed greater complexity, multiple CBDs, and dispersal into the suburbs; the hallmark of American life.

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Postmodernism

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(postmodern architecture) architecture & design developed for look & commerce (may connect to historical roots); a reaction to feeling of sterile alienation some had to modern architecture; city spaces become more people-friendly.

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Agglomeration

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(nucleation) clustering of people or businesses for mutual benefits of close proximity; can share labor pools, technological and financial amenities, and ancillary industries (support large-scale industries).

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Deglomeration

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process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition.

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Urban hierarchy

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ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions.

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-Hamlet

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lowest level of settlements (often not urban); offers few if any services.

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Village

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clustered human settlement larger than a hamlet and generally offering several services.

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Town

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clustered human settlement larger than a village; may range from a few to thousands of inhabitants (even hundreds of thousands); generally many goods and services are available.

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City

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clustered conglomeration of people and buildings together serving as a center of politics, culture, and economics; a town may have outskirts, but virtually all cities have suburbs (hinterlands).

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Metropolis

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usually contains several urbanized areas and suburbs that act together as a coherent economic whole.

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Hinterland

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literally "country behind"; refers to the surrounding area served by an urban center (the heartland).

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Megalopolis

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(e.g. conurbation such as Bosnywash, SanSan, ChiPitts,...) occur predominantly in MDCs; large coalescing supercities that were originally separate but have expanded and joined together.

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Megacity

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occur predominantly in LDCs; high population growth and migration cause these cities to attract massive amounts of population since WWII; tend to be plagued by chaotic and unplanned sprawling growth, pollution, and widespread poverty.

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