AP Human Geography Chapter 7 Flashcards
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State
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An area organized into a political unit, ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs. Example: The United States
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Sovereignty
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Control over internal affairs without interference from other states. Example: Afghanistan
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Recognition(Legitimacy)
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The right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a régime. Example: Hitler, and the Nazis
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City-state
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A sovereign state that comprises the town and the surrounding countryside. Example: City-states in Mesopotamia
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Empire
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An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress. Example: Ottoman Empire
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Ethnicity
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Identity with a group of people who share cultural traditions with a particular homeland or hearth Example: Hispanic
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Race
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Identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor Example: White
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Segregation
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The centripetal force that brings two races apart, and divided from each other. Example: Black vs. White
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Nationality
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Identity with a group of people that share a legal attachment, or a personal allegiance to a particular country. Example: American
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Nationalism
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Loyalty and devotion to a nationality. Example: GOD BLESS AMERICA!!!
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Centripetal forces
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Forces that unify people together Example: Same ethnicity within a state.
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Self-determination
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The right for a state to govern itself Example: Declaration of Independence in the U.S.
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Nation-state
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A state in which the corresponding ethnicity becomes a nationality. Example: Japan
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Multi-national state
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A state in which two or more ethnic groups have traditions of self-determination. Example: The United Kingdom
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Boundaries
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The extent of a state: Geometric and ethnic Example: Han and the steppe
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Borders
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Legally defined boundaries Example: "The Great Migration."
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Consequent Borders
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Drawn after a population is established, and represents the cultural characteristics. Example: "The Great Migration"
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Antecedent Borders
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Drawn before an area is populated. Example: The 49th parallel
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Superimposed Borders
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Drawn after an area is populated, but does not represent the cultural characteristics. Example: "Scramble for Africa"
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State Shapes
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Elongated, perforated, prorupted, compact, fragmented Example: Tanzania
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Elongated
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Long and narrow shape Example: Gambia and Malawi
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Perforated
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Completely surrounding another state Example: South Africa surrounding Lesotho and Swaziland.
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Prorupted
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Compact states, with a large, projecting extension Example: Algona
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Compact
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Distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. Example: Thailand
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Fragmented
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Contains several discontinuous pieces of territory. Example: Azerbaijan
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Nation-state
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A state in which the corresponding ethnicity becomes a nationality. Example: Japan
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Boundary disputes
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Can be territorial, resource or ethnic. (Can be between states, or ethnic groups.) Example: Sri Lanka: Sinhalese vs. Tamils
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Resource dispute
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Dispute between two groups over a resource. Example: Bosnian Muslims vs. Bosnian Serbs
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Territorial dispute
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Dispute between two groups over a territory. Example: Nationalists vs. Communists. (China and Taiwan.)
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Functional dispute
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Dispute over how both sides of boundary operate differently Example: Canada's powerful secessionist government.
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Positional dispute
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Disagreement about the actual location of a boundary Example: River boundaries
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Law of the Sea
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Regulates trade, exports, and imports across the sea. Example: Guyana - 60th nation to join the city.
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Stateless nations
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Nations that do not have a state. Example: Kurdistan
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Multi-national state
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A state with two or more ethnicities with traditions of self-determination. Example: The United Kingdom
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Balkanization
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A type of resource dispute. Example: Kosovo Albanians vs. Kosovo Serbs
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Ethnonationalism
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"Nation," is defined in terms of ethnicity. Example: Israel's Law of Return
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Shatterbelt
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A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals. Example: Yugoslavia
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Centripetal forces
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Forces that unify people together. Example: Hinduism in Nepal and India
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Centrifugal forces
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Forces that bring people apart. Example: A primate city
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Devolution
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The rule of a state goes down to a lower level of government. Example: Northern Ireland
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Seat of Government
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The building, complex of buildings or city from which a government exercises its authority. Example: Executive Branch
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Forward capital
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A symbolic relocation of a capital city to a geographically or demographically peripheral location may be for either economic or strategic reasons. Example: Brazil
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Electoral Geography
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The analysis of the methods, behavior, and results of elections in the context of geographic space and using geographical techniques. Example: gerrymandering
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State
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An area organized into a political unit, ruled by an established government, which has control over its internal and foreign affairs. Example: New York
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Province
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A principal administrative division of certain countries or empires. Example: Quebec
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County
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A political and administrative division of a state, providing certain local governmental services. Example: Spain
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Municipality
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A city or town that has corporate status and local government. Example: Brushy Creek
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Gerrymandering
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The drawing of legislative boundaries to favor the party in power. Example: "Stacked" vote
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Heartland and Rimland Core areas
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Political power depended on geographical location. Example: Located in the downtown area: More power!
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Multicore states
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A state that has more than one dominant region in terms of economics or politics. (For example: US, South Africa.) Example: Nigeria