AP Human Geography: Chapter 8 (Political Geography) Vocabulary and Review – Flashcards
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Balance of power
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Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries
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Boundary
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Invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory
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City-State
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A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland
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Colonialism
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Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory
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Colony
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A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent
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Compact state
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A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. Tend to be small and somewhat circular
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Elongated state
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A state with a long, narrow shape. One length is usually double the other.
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Federal state
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An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government
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Fragmented state
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A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
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Frontier
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A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control
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Gerrymandering
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Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power
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Imperialism
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Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society
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Landlocked state
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A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea
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Microstate
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A state that encompasses a very small land area
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Perforated state
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A state that completely surrounds another one
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Prorupted state
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An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
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Sovereignty
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Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
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State
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An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs
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Unitary state
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An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials
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Relic
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Something that has survived the passage of time
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Antecedent boundary
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Certain boundaries that were defined and delimited before the present-day human landscape was developed. Not man-made. (Physical boundaries)
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Subsequent boundary
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Boundary that evolved as the cultural landscape of an area took shape. Man-made. (Cultural and geometric boundaries)
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Geometric boundary
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Straight line boundaries unrelated to physical or cultural landscapes
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Territorial morphology
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The study of the changing shapes of territory
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Demarcation
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Physical mark in the environment (landmark) used as a boundary
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Delimitation
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Boundary drawn on a map
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Definitional boundary disputes
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A boundary dispute in which two groups agree on general area but not sure exactly where (mountain ranges)
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Locational boundary dispute
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Boundary dispute in which two groups don't agree at all on where the border is and argue over its location
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Operational boundary dispute
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Boundary dispute in which two groups argue over how the border operates (migration, trade)
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Allocational boundary dispute
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Boundary dispute in which two groups fight over distribution of resources. (Oil)
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Theocracy
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A government controlled by religious authorities
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Reapportionment
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Redrawing of voting districts because of migration. Occurs every 10 years.
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Supranational organization
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A group of 3 or more countries that come together for a common purpose.
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51;193
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How many members did the U.N. have when established in 1945? How many members today?
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Median line principle
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If there isn't enough water in between countries for them both to get 200 miles, they cut the amount they have in half and each country would get one half
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United Nations Convention of Law of the Seas
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What does the UNCLOS stand for?
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1. Political boundaries extend up to 12 miles offshore 2. Economic zones extend up to 200 miles offshore 3. Coastal states sharing waterways split the difference 4. Straits are internally operated and not controlled by any one state
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Parts to the Law of the Seas (4)?
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South Africa has Lesotho inside it. Italy has Vatican City and San Marino inside it.
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Examples of perforated states (2)
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Have to go through surrounding country to trade
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Cons for states that are perforations (inside of other countries)
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Namibia(Caprivi Strip) and Congo
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Examples of prorupted states(2)
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To gain access to resources (can be used to hinder communication between other countries)
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Purpose of proruptions
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Provided them with access to Zambezi river and disrupted communication between surrounding British colonies
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What benefits did the Germans receive from their prorupted state Namibia?
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Difficult to defend
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Cons of prorupted states
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If capital is put in middle it is easy to defend. Good communication makes it easy to distribute information (no internet, phones, etc. in many African countries)
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Pros of compact states(2)
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Compact state
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What is the best state shape?
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Chile, Madagascar, Central African Republic
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Example of elongated state
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Difficult to defend, difficult to communicate
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Cons of elongated states (2)
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Each island had its own culture (centrifugal factor)
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Cons of fragmented states (1)
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Russia/Japan, India/Pakistan, Israel/Syria, Eritrea/Ethiopia
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Areas where border conflict has occurred recently? (4)
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1. To promote Christianity 2. To gain power and prestige 3. To gain resources and gold (3 Gs- God, Glory, Gold)
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3 reasons European states established colonies in many areas of the world between the 1500s and the 1900s?
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Caribbean and Pacific
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Where are most microstates found?
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Antarctica
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Only large landmass not part of any political state?
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Research facilities
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UN has agreed to use Antarctica for what?
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Korea
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Example of a nation divided into more than one state(1)?
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15
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How many members in the UN Security Council?
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China, Russia, France, UK, US
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What are the five permanent members of the UN Security Council?
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Can veto
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Name one pro of being on UN Security Council
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China
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Who owns Taiwan?
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France and England
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Which two European states held the most colonial possessions?
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Neocolonialism
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Colonial powers decided not to stay once they established colonies. They left and the colonies still continued to sell to them just like before. Colonial powers got benefits without having to spend money on keeping control.
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Superimposed boundaries
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When political borders are placed over existing cultural borders and tend to separate groups of common language, culture, and ethnicity
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Native American reservations in US, homelands (because of apartheid) in South Africa
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Examples of superimposed boundaries (2)
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Buffer zone put in place by UN
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What used to separate the two parts of Cyprus?
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Greek (South/rich) and Turks(North/poor)
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Which two groups in Cyprus?
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Czech Republic, UK, France, China, Germany, Slovenia, Denmark
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Examples of unitary states(4)?
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Russia, Canada, US, India, Brazil, Yugoslavia(no longer a country, but Tito gave power to smaller groups)
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Examples of Federal States(5)?
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US and Soviet Union
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What were the only two superpowers remaining after WWII?
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Get allies
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What is a good way to gain power?
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NATO and Warsaw Pact
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What were the two military alliances that resulted from the Cold War?
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Bipolar
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What is a name to describe the Cold War time period?
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Satellites
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Powerful countries got allies which are also called...?
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UN, NATO, Warsaw Pact, EU, The Organization of American States, NAFTA, OPEC, Organization for African Unity, The Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe
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Name some supranational organizations.
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Warsaw Pact
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What was NATO's main opposing supranational organization?
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Spread democracy
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NATO's main goal?
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Defeat democracy and spread communism
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Warsaw Pact's goal?
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Buffer zone
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Eastern European countries served as a ________ between Russia and the Western European countries.
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1990
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When did the Warsaw Pact disband?
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Fall of communism
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What caused the disbandment of the Warsaw Pact and the growth of NATO in 1990?
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Political- making sure the countries don't kill each other
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What is the main goal of the Organization of American States?
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Cuba
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Countries that are a part of a supranational organization don't always have to be active members. Which country is a member of the Organization of American States but has stopped participating at times?
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Euro
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What is the currency used by many EU countries?
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EU
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Which supranational organization has the strongest economy?
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Supranational
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Above or over the authority of one national government
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NAFTA
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What supranational organization is related to maquiladoras?
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By eliminating tariffs between the US, Canada, and Mexico
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How does NAFTA encourage trade?
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Euro zone
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Name used for subgroup of EU in which countries use the Euro as their currency
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Not "European enough". Doesn't have good economy.
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What is a reason the EU might not want Turkey to be a member?
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Maquiladora
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Factories located within 20 miles of US border in which Mexicans work and send products back to US. Mexico gets jobs and US gets cheap labor.
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Supply/demand
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How do oil producing companies determine the price of oil?
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To set oil prices worldwide
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What is the main goal of the OPEC?
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Tigris, Euphrates
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The Fertile Crescent included land between the ______ and _______ rivers
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Mesopotamia
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What name was given to the first states that appeared between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers?
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Unitary
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Was the Roman empire federal or unitary?
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Monaco
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Smallest country in the world?
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Ceuta, Melilla, economic advantage
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______ and ________ are two Moroccan cities that have been controlled by Spain for over 500 years. They voted to be a part of Spain, not Morocco, because of ____________.
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Puerto Rico
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What is the largest colony population-wise?
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Pitcairn island
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What is the smallest colony population-wise?
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UK
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Who owns Pitcairin Island?
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You would get 12 miles offshore as political boundaries and 200 miles offshore as economic boundaries
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What would be the advantage in getting a small island such as Pitcairn?
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Rivers, mountains, deserts
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Name the three types of physical boundaries.
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Water boundaries move
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What problems might occur when water boundaries divide states?
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Language, religious, geometric
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Name the three types of cultural boundaries.
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To gain votes in the next election
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Why would political parties use gerrymandering?
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1945
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When was the UN established?
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North Atlantic Treaty
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The signing of what treaty in 1949 caused NATO to form?
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Military
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NATO is primarily a _______ alliance.
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United in diversity
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Official motto of the EU
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True
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True or false: today's EU countries trade a larger share of their goods and services on the world market than the US.
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The British
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By 1900, who had the largest European empire?
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After World War II
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When did most African and Asian colonies receive independence?
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Middle East (desert)
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Where would you find frontier boundaries today?
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League of Nations
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What was the predecessor to the UN?
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Terrorism
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The systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands
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Terrorism attacks are aimed at ordinary people rather than military targets or political leaders
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How does terrorism differ from assassinations?
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Known as the Unabomber. Sent bombs through mail.
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Who was Theodore J. Kaczynski?
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Was convicted and executed for the Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing and assisting him was Terry I. Nichols.
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Who was Timothy J. McVeigh?
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1. Providing sanctuary for terrorists wanted by other countries 2. Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence to terrorists 3. Planning attacks using terrorists
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What are the 3 increasing levels of involvement in terms of terrorism?
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Iraq
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Saddam Hussein was the longtime president of what country?
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Operation Desert Storm
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The Gulf War occurred in 1991 in attempts to drive Iraq out of Kuwait. What is another name for the war?
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Pan-Arab Nationalism
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Belief that the vast region from Western Africa to Central Asia should be politically unified, with financial strength from sharing the region's extensive oil wealth
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The Ba'ath Party
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Who supported Pan-Arab nationalism?
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False
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True or False: the Ba'ath Party and its leaders were observant Muslims.
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Core
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Most important area
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More developed countries
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Core of the world
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Near border of France and Germany
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Where is Strausbourg?
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It will weaken
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What will happen to national identity of EU members as EU grows stronger?
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Devolution
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The splitting apart of countries
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Relic boundaries
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Used to be used as boundaries but are no longer used as boundaries. (Even though they don't serve as boundaries anymore, they are still there)
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One for each ethnicity
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Why would a multi-ethnic state have many cores?
