AP Human Geography Ch 1-3 – Flashcards
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fieldwork
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The study of geographic phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places
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human geography
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One of the two major divisions of geography; the spatial analysis of human population, it's cultures, activities, and landscapes
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globalization
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The expansion if economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact. The processes of globalization transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary across places and scales
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physical geography
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The spatial analysis of the structure, processes and location of the Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography
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spatial
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Pertaining to space on the earth's surface; sometimes used as a synonym for geographic
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spatial distribution
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Physical location of geographic phenomena across space
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pattern
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The design of a spatial distribution (e.g scattered)
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medical geography
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Study of health and disease within a geographic context and from a geographical perspective. Among other things, medical geography looks at sources, diffusion routes, and distribution of disease
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pandemic
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An outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide
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epidemic
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Regional outbreak of disease
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spatial perspective
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Observing variations in geographic phenomena across space
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five themes
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Developed by GENIP; location, human-environment, region, place and movement
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location
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The geographical situation of people and things
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location theory
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A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated the agricultural location theory contained in the Von thünen model is a leading example
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human-environment
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Reciprocal relationship between humans and environment
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region
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An are on the earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon
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Place
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uniqueness of a location
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Perception of Place
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Belief or "understanding" about a place developed through books, movies, stories or picture
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Movement
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the mobility of people, goods and ideas across the surface of the planet
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distance
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measurement of the physical space between two places
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accessibility
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the degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certain location from other locations. Accessibility varies from place to place and can be measured
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connectivity
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the degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other in a transport network.
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landscape
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the overall appearance of an area. Most landscapes are comprised of a combination of natural and human-induced influences
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cultural landscape
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the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. The layers of buildings, forms and artifacts sequentially imprinted on the landscape by the activities of various human occupants
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sequent occupance
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the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
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cartography
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the art and science of making maps, including data compilation, layout and design. Also concerned with the interpretation of mapped patterns
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reference maps
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Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude
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thematic maps
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Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon
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absolute location
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The position or place of certain item on the surface of the earth as expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds of latitude, 0 to 90 degrees north or south and longitude 0 to 180 degrees east or west of the prime meridian passing through Greenwich, England
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global positioning system (GPS)
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Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographicfeatures
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geocaching
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A hunt for a cache, the GPS coordinates which are placed on the interned by other geocachers
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relative location
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The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. Distance, accessibility and connectivity affect relative location
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mental map
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Image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual's perception, impression and knowledge of that space
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activity space
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The space within which daily activity occurs
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remote sensing
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a method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the are or object of study
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geographic information systems
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A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed and displayed to the user
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rescale
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Involvement of players at other scales to generate support or a position or an initiative
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formal region
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A type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena; aka uniform region or homogeneous region
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functional region
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A region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it
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perceptual region
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A region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity. Ex. US "the south" and "the mid-Atlantic region"
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Arithmetic population density
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The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square kilometers or miles that make up the unit
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Census
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A periodic and official count of a country's population
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Child mortality rate
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A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of the lives in a given population
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Crude death rate
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The number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population
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Demographic transition
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Multistage model, based on Western Europe's experience, of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization.
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Dot map
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Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population
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Doubling time
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The time required for a population to double in size
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Expansive population policies
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Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth
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Infant mortality rate
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A figure that describes the number of babies that dies within a first year of their lives in a given population
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infectious diseases
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Diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses or parasites. Diffuse directly or indirectly from human to human
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life expectancy
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A figure how long, on average, a person maybbe expected to live
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life expectancy
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A figure how long, on average, a person maybbe expected to live
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Megalopolis
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Term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world
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natural increase
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Population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths. Doesn't reflect emigrants or immigrants
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newborn mortality rate
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The number of infants who die within the first month of life per 1000 live births
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physiologic population density
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The number of people per unit area of arable land
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physiologic population density
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The number of people per unit area of arable land
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population composition
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Structure of a population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education
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population density
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A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
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population density
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A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
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population distribution
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Description of locations on the earth's surface where populations live
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population distribution
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Description of locations on the earth's surface where populations live
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population explosion
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The rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase
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population pyramids
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Visual representations of the age and sex composition of a population whereby the percentage of each group is represented by a horizontal bar the length of which represents its relationship to the total population
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population pyramids
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Visual representations of the age and sex composition of a population whereby the percentage of each group is represented by a horizontal bar the length of which represents its relationship to the total population
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chronic/degenerative diseases
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Generally long-lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancies
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chronic/degenerative diseases
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Generally long-lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancies
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crude birth rate
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The number or live births yearly per 1000 people in population
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endemic
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A disease that is particular to region or locality
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endemic
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A disease that is particular to region or locality
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eugenic population policies
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Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others
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genetic/inherited diseases
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Disease caused by variation/mutation of a gene or group of genes in a human
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one-child policy
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A program established by the Chinese government in 1979 to slow population growth it China
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restrictive population policies
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Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase
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stationary population level
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The level at which a national population ceases to grow
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Internal displaced person
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People who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee
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International migration
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Human movement involving movement across international boundaries
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Intervening opportunity
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The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
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Island of development
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Place built up by Government/corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure
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Kinship links
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Types of push factors or pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family or friends have already found success
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laws of migration
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Developed by British demographer Ernst Ravenstein, five laws that predict the flow of migrants
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migrant labor
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A common type of periodic movement involving millions of workers in the US and tens of millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants, in many instances
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Migration
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A change in residence intended to be permanent.
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Military service
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Another common form of periodic movement involving as many as 10 million US citizens in a given year, including military personnel and their families, who are moved to new locations where they will spend tours of duty lasting up to several years
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Nomadism
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Movement among a definite set of places - often cyclic movement
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Periodic movement
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For example, college attendances or military service-involves temporary, recurrent relocation
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Pull factors
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Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas
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Push factors
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Negative conditions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale
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Quotas
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Establishes limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year
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Refugees
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People who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country
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Regional scale
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Interactions occurring within a region, in a regional setting
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remittances
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Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash.
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repatriation
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A refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or NGO
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Selective immigration
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Process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds(i.e. criminal records, poor health) are barred from immigrating
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Step migration
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To a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city
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transhumance
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A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures.
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Voluntary migration
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In which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move.
