UWEC Geography 104 test 2 – Flashcards
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TeR
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temperate rain forest
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NF/MF
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Needle leaf forest and montana forest West coast N-> S and canada area
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MGr
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Midlatitude grasslands tall and short grass Central all over
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DBC
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Cold Desert and semidesert small western coast region
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MBME
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Midlatitude Broad leaf and mixed forest East Coast all over
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ULTISOLS
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Deiciduous forests in subtropical humid climates, old parent materials C climates B horizon Warmer + water Older Parents materials and less fertile.
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MOLLISOLS
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Temperate grasslands, steppes and savannas BS climate, monster A horizon
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ARIDISOLS
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desert biomes with xerophtic vegetation BW climate, xerophytes, lots of salts Very little soil water
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ALFISOLS
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deciduous forests in temperate humid climates, young parents materials C climates Strong B-horizons
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SPODOSOLS
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Confer forests of cool humid climates D climate and E horizon
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O-horizon
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1st layer Organic material Water, air, not a mineral horizon
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A-horizon
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"Top Soil" the humus Enriched mineral horizon dark, fertile
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E horizon
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zone of losses "eluviation" Ashy gray, infertile
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B-horizon
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zon of gain "illuviation" higher chroma, better structure more clay
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C-horizon
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original parents material "unconsolidated"
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R-horizon
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weathered bed rock consildated maybe some, cracks.
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Histosols
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Anywhere it's mostly wet Big O horizon and C horizon
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Entisols & inceptions
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weekly developed few horizons
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Trees
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roots, leaves on the top
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shrubs
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woody system
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shumac
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short bushy
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lianas
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no trunk
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herbs
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herbaceous plants
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Xerophytes
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Desert Vegetation, BW Very little humus
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Epiphytes
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tipuna from costa rica live on the other life forms
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Bryophytes
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mosses
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Tallophytes
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Lichens, algae, fungus
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succulents
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baguaro, extreme dry situation, water effcient saving system
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canopies
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covering of the field, coverage/
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periodicity
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pediciuous
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Major terrestrial Biomes
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Forest - A,C,D savanna - A,C,D -transitional to adjacent to B Grassland - BS Desert - BW Tundra - E
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Porosity
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how much you can put in The total volume of variable pore spare in soil or sediment Clay > Sand <
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Permeability
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the ability of soil or sediment to allow water to pass through it
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5 aspects of earth environment
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Meteorology Hydrology Biogeography soils geomorphology
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Cycles of matter
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Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere Pedosphere Lithosphere
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Natural Regions
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An area with respect to defined criteria
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Water
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H20 Dipolar
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Adhesive
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Attach to other things
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cohesive
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Attach to itself
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Capillarity
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Force that hold everything together
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Characteristics of water
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Essential to life #1 geographic agent on earth ajor control on the earth - sun energy balance
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Storage facilities on the Earth's surface
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Surface Water Groundwater Organic tissue Soils
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Controls on water movement
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Capillary forces gravitation force Controls on soil storage capacity
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Most water against the force of gravity
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Clay
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Least water against the force of gravity
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Sand
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Most water for plant
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Clay
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Least water for plants
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sand
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Most available water
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Silt
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Highest permeability
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Sand
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Highest Porosity
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Clay
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Most available water
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Silt
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Highest field capacity
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clay
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highest permanent wilting point
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clay
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Run off vs Infiltration
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Goes out vs Goes in
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Soil pores
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Must be saturated
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Ground water
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major storage facility in the hydrologic cycle
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Problems
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Mining and Contamination
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Water stored
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in the lithosphere
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Importance of ground water
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40x more than surface water drinking water
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Streams
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is made of baseflow + run off
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Baseflow
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groundwater-derived
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Baseflow
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is cool, clean, oxygenated
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Run off
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is warm, sediment-laden, nutrient enriched, poorly oxygenated
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Flashy
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Run off dominated, "flood"
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Aquifer
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a place in the hydrologic cycle where water is temporarily stored in the lithosphere
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Best aquifer
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Sand
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Best Aquiclude
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Clay
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Kinds of aquifer
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defined as a function of connectedness to the surface. Inputs, Outputs, Unconfined, Confined.
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Inputs
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Percolation - aquifer recharge
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Outputs
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Aquifer discharge
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Unconfined
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Open to the surface, get its recharge from the surface around it.
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Confined
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not as connected to the surface, don't get their input directly from precipitation
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Aquitard
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Confined, aconfining impermeable rock layer less permeable material
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Aquiclude
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something is in between them and the surface that disconnects them.
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Groundwater mining
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unsustainable withdrawl Salt water intrusion
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Groundwater contamination
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Agricultural chemicals Industrial chemicals
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Regional Climates
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Areas with homogeneous atmospheric conditions
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Climate
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The average long-term "weather' of an area, a region's general pattern of atmospheric conditions including seasonal variations weather types, and extremes.
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Parmenides
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Greek, temperature, frigid 500, BC
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Hipparchus
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Roman - 140 BC
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Idrisi
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Arab, 1100 AD
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Precipitation control factor
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moist Air masses Lifting mechanisms (4 of them : convergent, orographic, frontal, convection)
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Climate classification
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descriptive criteria to produce a map of climate regions
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Climate types A
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tropical climates
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Climate Types B
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Arid climates
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Climates types C
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warm, humid climates
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Climates types D
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Cold, snow forest climates
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Climates Types E
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polar climates
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Dynamism
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Adapt, migrate, die
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Alexander von Humboldt
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modern climatology, instrumentation, the isotherm Phytogeography
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Koeppen system
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Biogeographic link Climate regions fit to vegetation regions
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Climates trigger
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metabolic responses in plants Homeostatic response, physiological responses, behavioral response in critters, water/energy available to run ecological systems
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Climate controls
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Biomass, NPP, biodiversity
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Biomes
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A large, stable terrestrial ecosystem complex characterized by specific plant and animal communities
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Biodiversity
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Biomass, NPP, species richness, ecological complexity
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Plants
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autotrophs, bottom of food chains. Hydrologic cycle - stroage facility, input from soils, output to atmosphere Lithosphere - infiltration - runoff ratio Soil - organic material, quality of soil.
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Forest
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A, C, D
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Savanna
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A, C, D transitional to B
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Grassland
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BS
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Desert
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BW
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Tundra
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E
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Climatic factors
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temperature, precipitation
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geomorphic factors
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slope steepness, slope aspect
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phreatophyte
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wide spread, get more coverage
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Salt tolerance
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Halophytes
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Desert bloom
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use it when you can
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Great basin desert
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shrubs, sagebush
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Mojave desert
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Joshua tree
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Sonoran desert
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Saguaro, organ pipe
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Chihuanhuan desert
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Texas horse crippler (AKA GUY's favorite plant), choya
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Grasslands
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frequent wildfire, no or few trees
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Savannas
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Same as grassland except few favor sites for trees
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Polar/Alpine tundra
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Short growing season + trunk shatter, needle shape tree
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Forest
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High biomass, NPP, biodiversity, >stratification, multiple canopies
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tropical rainforest
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highest biomass, NPP, biodiversity
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temperate deciduous forest
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Long growing season: >energy = high-ish biodiveristy
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uphil or poleward
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COnfiners, evergreen
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Dorothea Lange
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Who took the picture of 32 year old woman with 7 children
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Dust Bowl Refugees
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famous picture by dorothea lange in 1931-1941
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Natural soil regions
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a complex living mixture of organic, mineral, atmospheric, and hydrologic components that occur as a very thin veneer on much of the earth's terrestrial surface
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Soils
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made of solids and spaces
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Humus
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is reactive, mobile, nutrients, pigment, cement
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Biogenic
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carbon dioxide-rich
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Soil water
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critical to plants Gravitational water to ground water
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Solum (Epipedon)
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A,E,B
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Saturated places
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places where there has been little time for soils to form
