AP Human Geography Chapter 2, Key Issue 3 – Flashcards
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Stage 1
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Pre-Industrial; Low Growth (Hunting/Gathering)
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Stage 1's CBR, CDR, NIR
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CBR ; CDR are very high, NIR is low (virtually zero).
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Why is the CBR ; CDR high in stage 1?
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CBR - Children are needed for farming. CDR - Disease ; war
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What countries are in stage 1 now?
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None
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The other term for the First Agricultural Revolution
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Neolithic Revolution
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First Agricultural Revolution
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Domestication of plants ; animals. Increases food supply but DOES NOT move to stage 2. since food and supplies are unpredictable
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Stage 2
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High growth and nearly 10000 years after the agricultural revolution
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Stage 2's CBR, CDR, NIR
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same as stage 1 High CBR, low CDR, high NIR. Huge gap between CBR & CDR. NIR increases quickly.
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What are the 2 parts that make up stage 2?
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Part 1-period of accelerating population growth Part 2- growth rate begins to slow though the gap between birth and death remains high
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Why is the CBR high & CDR low in stage 2?
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CBR - Children still needed for farming. CDR - Stable food sources and medical advances
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Second Agricultural Revolution
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Increased food production from new methods and technology. So, few farmers are producing more food. How countries moved to stage 2.
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Which countries went through the industrial revolution?
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Europe, North America (Anglo America), Australia, Japan
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Industrial Revolution
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How MDC's moved to stage 2. Major improvements in mechanization and marketing, causing improved sanitation. (Cleanliness = Less Deaths)
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Medical Revolution
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How LDC's moved to stage 2. MDC's diffused medicines, causing traditional deaths to decrease.
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Which countries went through the medical revolution?
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Asia, Africa, Latin America
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When did the Industrial Revolution begin?
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England in 1700s/late 18th century. North America in 1800s/19th century.
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When did the Medical Revolution begin?
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Latin America, Asia, and Africa in 1950's/mid-20th century.
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Who was edward Jenner and what did he do in 1796
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discovered if exposed to cowpox and innculated with smallpox would not get the disease. Immunization began
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What would you consider a high CBR/CDR?
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40-50's
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Stage 3
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Decreasing/Moderate Growth
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Stage 3's CBR, CDR, NIR
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Dramatic drop then leveled out CBR. Slow decrease in CDR. Moderate NIR.
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Why is the CBR & CDR low in stage 3?
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CBR - Women enter workforce, small urban places = less children. CDR - Improvements to medicines
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When did stage 3 begin in MDC's?
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Europe ; NA in early 20th century/1900s.
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When did stage 3 begin in LDC's?
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Asia & Latin America in recent decades (late 20th century)
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Stage 4
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Post-Industrial; Low growth
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Stage 4's CBR, CDR, NIR
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Low CBR ; CDR. Minimal NIR.
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Why is the CBR low in stage 4?
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Education is increased and jobs are more professional, service industries. (CDR is still b/c of medicine)
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Zero Population Growth (ZPG; Stage 4)
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When CBR = CDR
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ZPG happens where?
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In tertiary/service-based economies
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How is the TFR in Stage 4?
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TFR is at/below 2.1 (replacement rate)
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When did stage 4 begin in MDC's?
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Europe, NA, Japan, Australia in late 20th century/1990s - early 21st century/2000s. (relatively new)
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What has to happen to achieve a ZPG if a country receives many immigrants?
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lower TFR
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What to remember with CBR/CDR numbers regarding countries in stage 4
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Anything in low teens or below is stage 4
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Causes of population increase
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Medical advances, food resources (quantity & quality), Political issues, Economic issues (heavy agricultural trend -> more people)
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Methods to reduce CBR
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1. Education & Health Care - MDC's 2. More women MDCs working outside home 3. Customs allow woment income MDCs 2. Contraception - LDC's
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What is the difference from the beginning of Stage 1 to the end of the cycle stage 4
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Beginning CBR and CDR are high 35 per 1000 End of cycle CBR and CDR are low 10 per 1000
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Why has does Russia have a negative NIR/
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legacy of communist rule. inadequate pollution controls increase DR and family planning decrease BR
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Causes of population decrease
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Natural disasters, War, Economic Issues
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demographic transition
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the process of change in a societys population from a condition of high CBR and High CDR. and low rate of NIR due to conditions of low CBR and low CDR.and low NIR and higher total population
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Demographic transition is a process of
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several stages
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Is every country in a demographic transition stage?
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yes
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Once a country moves from stage one of the process to the next it can
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not revert to an earlier stage.
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The demographic transition is a process that has a beginning, middle and end. Can it be reversed?
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No unless there was a nuclear catastorphe/war
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what was the caused by the burst of population growth around 8000 bc?
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agricultural revolution
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Who is in stage 3 now?
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Malaysia, mexico and vietnam due to stabilizing of economic growth because the fertility rate and birth rate decrease
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In what stage of the demographic transition model are most LDCs
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Stage 2 since death rates are falling with better medical for infants, children and better food. increase in population
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which one of the following demographic statistics best measures the level of reproduction predicted for a population? CBS,NATAL RATE, CDR, CBR, TFR
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TFR
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Why is England a good long term case study of demographic transition?
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It has reached stage 4. Not fragmented info for 1000 years. Boundaries never changed and migration is limited.
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England stage 1 slow growth until 1750
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decreases due to black death and famine CBR andCDR averaged more than 35 to 1000 but varied from year to year
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England stage 2 high growth 1751-1880
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CBR and CDR were both 40 per 1000 than industrial revolution CBR high at 34 but CDR dropped to 20 NIR when population rose from 6 to 30 million
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Population in a country is influenced by the demographic transition in two ways
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-percentage of the population in each age group -the distribution of males and females
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population pyramid
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a country's population displayed by age and gender groups in a bar graph
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How is the population divided up on pyramid
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-shows percentage of total population in 5 year groups( 0 to 4 at base and the oldest group at the top
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How is the percentage of the total population represented for each group?
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the length of the bar. males on left and females on right
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What determines the shape of the population pyramid?
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primarily by the CBR in the community
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high CBR in stage 2 would have what shape
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a broad base since large number of population are young look like a tranangle/pyramid
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Low cbr in stage 4 would have what shape
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a; broad top that looks more like a rectangle since large number of older people
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a very important factor in age distribution is
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dependency ratio
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dependency ratio
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the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years.
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What happens as the number of dependents increases
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the greater the financial burden on those who are working to support those that cannot
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dependents are
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0-14, 65 plus are dependent ages
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In stage 2 what amount of the population are dependent
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half so the dependent ratio is 1:1
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in stage 4 what amount of the population are dependent
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one third so the dependent ratio is 1:2. For every dependent, two work
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If you were in stage 2 what dependent group out numbers the other
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10:1 for every 10 young there is one old
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if you were in stage 4 what dependent group outnumbers the other
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1:1 equal number of young to old.
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What happens as countries old population pass through the stages of demographic transition,
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increases due to decline in CBRs and better medical care
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"graying of the population"
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older people 65 + places more burden on the governments to meet the needs 1/4 of government expenses go to social security, healthcare and programs for older pop in Europe, N.A., Japan
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larger percentage of older people in countries in stage 3 or 4 have higher?
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CDRS than stage 2
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Africa has the highest population in what age group?
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under age 15, above 40 percent
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sex ratio
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the number of males per hundred females in the population
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When looking at sex ratio
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more men are born than women but males have a higher death rate
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Compare population pyramids of detroit, laredo, cedar rapids and honolulu
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detroit and laredo have broad base since ethnic groups African American and Hispanic have higher birth rates. cedar rapids and honolulu have flat pyramids since low birth rates for european and asian groups living here
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In naples florida the population over 65 is 42 percent so what shape would the population pyramid be
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An upside down pyramid with more females on the right than males on the left.
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Why did it take until 1950 for Cape Verde to move from stage 1 to stage 2?
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Even though there was a high CBRs (40s) and low CDRS (20s) with a high NIR, many famines dramatically disrupted the typical pattern of birth, death and natural increase
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Due to the severe famine of Cape verde, how has it affected the poplation
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It has caused the birth rates to fluctuate greatly due to famines causing low birth causing fewer women to be in childbearing years.
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With a larger number of females moving into childbearing years what will have to happen to move to stage 3?
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these females must bear considerably fewer childern than their mothers.
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what is the reasonf for Chile moving to stage 3
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vigorous government family planning policy and low income with high unemployment caused couples to postpone marriage and childern.
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Why will Chile have difficulty moving into stage 4
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Government stopped family planning and thought that increase in population would promote economic growth and national security. Also factor is most Chileans are roman catholic that promotes not artifical birth control
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Why has Denmark reached stage 4 as has western europe and england?
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country has reached ZPG ad population only increases due to immigration. The population pyramid is a column not a pyramid because percentage of young and old are the same. CDR has increased and will continue.
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Why was the worldwide population increasing so rapidly in the second half of the 20th century
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few countries were in stage 2 of the demographic transition
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Are any countries in stage 1
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NO
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What stage is a majority of countries in
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stage 2 or 3
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What breaks in the past does stage four of demographic transition characterized by
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1. sudden drop in death rate due to tech innovations 2. sudden drop in the birth rate that comes from changing social customs ( women can work etc
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Why have most countries in Europe and north america reached stage 4 but other parts of the world have not
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fundemental problems in the country
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How did Europe and North America get to stage 4
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industrial revolution in conjunction with decline in CDR. Increase in weatlh stimulated research to find cures that lead to medical advances
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How has africa, asia and latin america got the first break toward stage 4`
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intervention from outisiders: DDT insecticide sprayed decreased death rates in srilanka. Medical technology from europe and NA
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Will africa, asia, and latin america get the second break toward stage 4
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Birth rate must reduce and this cannot be injected or by outside sources unless those willing to use technology by outside and decision of the people to have less children.
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If a population pyramids what a triangular/pyramid shape, what predictions can be made?
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The broad base suggests large population of babies and children. This predicts need for social services , immunizations, and schools for the too young to work.
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If the population pyramid is like a rectangle/ cylinder shape, what predictions can be made?
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That a large population is aging adults with future need for medical and care providers/services. the population of each age group is relatively even.
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Which country has the highest percentage of aging adults
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Japan 21% is over 65 and old.
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Japan, Sweden, Austria, Italy and Greece have decreasing workforce and increase in aging dependents, rectangular/cylinder/ or inverted population pyramid. What future changes will have to be made?
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Government spending for adult daycare, nursing homes, and home care services will increase while government expenses for education, child care and health services , as well as maternity services will decrease.
