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Rewards of service for Grant

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At the end of the Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant accepted gifts such as houses & money from citizens in NY, IL, PA, & Washington DC

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1868 Election

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Election of 1868 - Grant owed his victory to the votes of Freedmen/former slaves (~500,000)

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Result of the Civil War

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waste, extravagance, speculation, & graft (corruption) reduced the moral stature of the Republic/the USA

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political candidates who campaigned "waving the bloody shirt" reminded voters

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of treason of Confederate Democrats during the Civil War

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Most presidents of the 1870s & 1880s -were

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Civil War veterans (except Cleveland, who hired a substitute), were Republicans ("wave the bloody shirt") (except Cleveland - Democrat), & won narrow victories

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Jim Fisk & Jay Gould, "Black Friday"

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Street gold market scheme to corner the market that almost worked

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Successful politicians in the post-Civil War decades usually - were

answer

party loyalists

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During the Gilded Age, Democrats & Republicans - had

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few significant economic differences (still battled)- like today in many ways - especially the political & economic aspects

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Late 19th century - Republicans associated w/ cultural values of

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Puritanism, personal morality, community welfare, active gov't regulation, not toleration

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Late 19th century elections - Democrats could count on support of

answer

South, Northern industrial cities, immigrant groups, Catholics & Lutherans, not Midwestern rural USA

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During the Gilded Age, the lifeblood of both the Democratic and Republican parties

answer

political patronage

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pay off supporters with government jobs that were highly profitable

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The Spoils System

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"Spoilsmen"

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expected gov't jobs from their party's elected office holders

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Presidential elections of the 1870s & 1880s -

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aroused great voter interest (up to 80% voter turn out)

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One reason for the high voter turn out rates & partisan fervor (supporting one's party) of the Gilded Age

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-sharp ethnic & cultural differences in 2 parties

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Republican beliefs during 1870-1880 election

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Puritan, personal morality, gov't should regulate economy & morality; Northeast & Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) & Freedmen & rural community support

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Democrats beliefs during 1870-1880 election

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Tolerant, Lutheran, Catholic members; South & Northern industrial cities & immigrants & political machines of cities

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One weapon used to put William Marcy "Boss" Tweed of the Tammany Hall political machine in NYC

answer

"Tweed Ring"

question

Why was Boss Tweed put in jail

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for corruption, fled to Spain & was recognized b/c of political cartoons, died in jail when returned to USA, cartoon satirist Thomas Nast would not take bribe to quit lampooning him, Tweed said, "my constituents can't read, but they can see those damn pictures!"

question

weapon against Boss Tweed

answer

Thomas Nast's cartoons

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Crédit Mobilier scandal

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RR construction - A Holding Company that over paid itself to do construction for the Union Pacific on the first transcontinental RR - corruption in form of "kickbacks"

question

How did the owners of Credit Mobilier try to avoid prosecution for corruption

answer

owners of Crédit Mobilier distributed shares of the valuable stock in the company & Union Pacific RR to congressmen

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Sequence of presidential terms of "forgettable presidents" of the Gilded Age (including Cleveland's 2 nonconsecutive terms)

answer

Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland

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President Grant - reelected in 1872 b/c

answer

his opponents chose poor candidates for president, Horace Greeley

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Match Republicans with their political factions within the party: Roscoe Conkling, James Blaine, Horace Greeley, Ulysses S. Grant

answer

Stalwarts ("spoilists"), "Half-Breeds" ("Mugwumps"), Liberal Republican, Regular Republicans

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One cause of Panic of 1873

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construction of more factories and production of more goods than the market could handle - OVERPRODUCTION - causes recessions/panics/depressions

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As solution to the Panic of 1873, debtors suggested

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inflationary policies ("cheap money")

question

Gold Bugs - bankers/businessmen - want

answer

gold standard - money backed only on gold;Less in circulation Loans repaid in stable money, "Hard Money" "Tight Money"

question

deflation

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- prices fall, value of money increases, fewer people have money

question

silverites

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farmers/laborers - bimetallism - gold (Au) & silver (Ag) - money backed by both metals "Cheap Money" More in circulation Products sold at higher prices (to repay debt)

question

inflation

answer

prices rise, value of money decreases, more people have money

question

what kind of money did the poulists and Democrats support

answer

"cheap money"; silver

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result of Republican "hard money" policies

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formation of the Greenback Labor Party in 1878;Another result was that Republicans lost the House of Representatives to the Democrats in 1874

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Major problem in 1876 presidential election centered on

answer

- 2 sets of election returns from FL, SC, & LA

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Compromise of 1877 resulted in

answer

withdrawal of (the last) Federal troops in the South (SC & LA) in exchange for the South to let Rutherford B. Hayes become president over New Yorker, Samuel Tildon, who had prosecuted "Boss" Tweed and the "Tweed Ring"

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"Separate but equal"

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makes Jim Crow segregation legal according to the venerable Supreme Court in 1896

question

1896 Plessy v. Ferguson - Supreme Court case ruled - "separate but equal"

answer

Homer Plessy, 1/8th black, an octrune, boarded whites only Pullman train car in LA. He was arrested, which he wanted, and he took his case through the courts to challenge segregation using the 14th Amendment. His case went to the US Sup Crt, which ruled that "Jim Crow" segregation of blacks and whites did not violate the Constitution as long as facilities were "separate but equal" - which was legal & Constitutional

question

Jim Crow laws

answer

Legal codes established a system of segregation in the South and Midwest to a degree

question

How did powerful whites keep blacks from using their 15th Amendment rights (& sometimes poor whites too)?:

answer

At the end of Reconstruction, Southern whites disenfranchised (took the vote away from) African-Americans using - literacy tests, poll taxes, economic intimidation, & grandfather clauses - Literacy test - had to prove literacy reading Shakespeare or something very difficult, Poll taxes - had to pay to vote, economic intimidation - threats to themselves and their ability to survive if they did not go along, & grandfather clauses - said if your grandfather voted in 1860, then you can vote, thus former slaves were kept from voting as their grandfathers were slaves in 1860 and did not vote. Tactics successful and also kept poor illiterate whites from voting, which the white aristocracy in the South wanted too.

question

won the 1876 election again, and what did he do/what did he deal with

answer

President Rutherford B. Hayes opened his administration with - scenes of class warfare - Ex. 1877 RR strike, Irish anti-Chinese in CA & 1882 Exclusion Act, & B & O RR strike [plus economic turmoil - Panic of 1873]

question

RR strike of 1877 started when

answer

the 4 largest RRs in the USA cut back employee salaries by 10%

question

Labor unrest during the Hayes administration stemmed from

answer

- long years of depression and deflation

question

Labor unrest in the 1870s & 1880s resulted in

answer

use of Federal troops as strike breakers to force workers back to work - so they always sided with management/employers/corporations rather than labor/workers/unions

question

In the wake of anti-Chinese violence in CA, the US Congress

answer

passed a law prohibiting immigration of Chinese laborers to the USA (1882 Chinese Exclusion Act)

question

Internal developments in China resulted in Chinese immigration to USA

answer

disintegration of Chinese empire, seizure of farmlands by landlords, intrusion of European/USA/Japanese, internal political turmoil

question

One of the main reasons Chinese came to USA in 19th century _, but most ended up

answer

was to dig for gold; Most ended up doing manual labor or opened small businesses - suffered severe discrimination

question

Chinese word "tong" means

answer

meeting hall (but came to be associated with Chinese gangs)

question

How many Presidents have been assassinated, and who was the second one after Lincoln?;

answer

Four have been assassinated. Lincoln was the first US president assassinated - James Garfield was the second

question

who assassinated Pres. James Garfield

answer

a deranged, disappointed office seeker (a Stalwart)

question

who was the third pres assasinated and where

answer

William McKinley in 1901 in Buffalo, New York at the World's Fair, making TR the President

question

fourth pres assassinated

answer

JFK

question

The Pendleton Act (1883)

answer

required appointees to public office to - take a competitive examination (to prove merit for appointment to office)

question

With the passage of the Pendleton Act, politicians now sought money from _ and why

answer

big corporations; No longer get money from immigrants through the political machine, civil service workers, etc

question

1884 election b/t James Blaine and Grover Cleveland noted for

answer

- personal attacks on candidates

question

1884 election Blaine's corruption

answer

Mulligan letters - "Burn this letter" - scandal over RR

question

1884 election Cleveland's scandal

answer

child out-of-wedlock w/ a widow - He honestly admitted to it - many people liked that

question

Which of the following Gilded Age presidents was not a Republican like all of the rest? Grant, Hayes, Harrison, Arthur, Garfield, Cleveland

answer

Cleveland (democrat)

question

President Grover Cleveland's "hands-off" approach to gov't gained the support of

answer

(laissez-faire) - big business

question

On the tariff issue, Cleveland

answer

advocated a lower rate (which hurt him politically)

question

Major campaign issue of 1888 presidential election

answer

the tariff policy

question

Late 19th century, it was generally true that the locus of political power was

answer

Congress not the pres

question

The "Billion-Dollar Congress"

answer

quickly disposed of rising gov't surpluses by - expanding pensions for Civil War veterans

question

Populist Party platform at their 1892 convention

answer

Gov't ownership of RR, telephone, & telegraph, free & unlimited coinage of silver in ratio of 16 ounces to 1 ounce of gold, a one-term limit for the president, immigration restrictions (Nativist xenophobia), direct election of Senators (have to wait for the 17th Amendment), What about gov't guarantees of "price parity" for farmers?

question

Four states completely carried by Populists in 1893

answer

KS, CO, ID, & NV

question

Early Populist campaign to create a coalition of white & black farmers ended in

answer

- racist backlash that eliminated black voting in the South [which was a shame because the party may have changed America]

question

Political development of 1890s largely shaped by

answer

the most severe & extended economic depression up to that time - Panic of 1873

question

Economic unrest & repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act led to rise of pro-silver leader

answer

William Jennings Bryan

question

William Jennings Bryan

answer

Cross of Gold speech, failed presidential candidate several times, Populist w/ Democratic leanings, 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial - died just after winning, but losing face

question

President Cleveland aroused widespread public anger by his action of (to stop "endless chain" of US Au for Ag)

answer

- borrowing $65 million in gold from JP Morgan's banking syndicate

question

Greatest political beneficiary of backlash against Cleveland in Congressional 1894 elections

answer

Republicans

question

Liberal Republican movement favored

answer

end to Military Reconstruction & civil service reform (spoils system)

question

In Gilded Age, "hard money" policies were reflected in

answer

Resumption Act of 1875

question

Resumption Act of 1875

answer

US gov't to remove all Greenbacks & redeem at face value in gold as of 1879

question

"Crime of 1873"

answer

coinage of silver beganas 1873 but silver prices fell b/c of silver strikes out West - so now Western miners w/ debtors whowant the "Dollar of Our Daddies" to coin silver & promote inflation

question

contraction

answer

- holding back money/Greenbacks - less printed & fewer gold pay outs so value of money increases - fewer dollars in circulation - therefore, deflation to stabilize US money of foreign creditors - bad for average people during the Panic of 1873

question

Favor-seeking business-people and corrupt politicians

answer

Caused numerous scandals during President Grant's administration.

question

The New York Times and cartoonist Thomas Nast

answer

Forced Boss Tweed out of power and into jail.

question

Upright Republicans' disgust with Grant administration scandals

answer

Led to the formation of the Liberal Republican party in 1872

question

The economic crash of the mid-1870s

answer

Caused unemployment, railroad strikes, and a demand for "cheap money".

question

Local cultural, moral, and religious differences

answer

Created fierce partisan competition and high voter turnouts, even though the parties agreed on most national issues

question

The Compromise of 1877 that settled the disputed Hayes-Tilden election

answer

Led to the withdrawal of troops from the South and the virtual end of federal efforts to protect black rights there.

question

White workers' resentment of Chinese labor competition

answer

Caused anti-Chinese violence and restrictions against Chinese immigration

question

Public shock and Garfield's assassination by Guiteau

answer

Helped ensure passage of the Pendleton Act

question

The 1890s depression and the drain of gold from the federal treasury

answer

Induced Grover Cleveland to negotiate a secret loan from K.P. Morgan's banking syndicate.F

question

The inability of Populist leaders to overcome divisions between white and black farmers

answer

Led to failure of the third party revolt in the South and a growing racial backlash

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