apush phs – History – Flashcards

(1883) Civil Service Reform; one of the major issues of the Gilded Age. 1883 Pendleton Civil Service Act introduces merit system. The Pendleton Civil Service Act, passed by Congress in 1882, created the Civil Service Commission to oversee competitive examinations for government positions. The act gave the commission jurisdiction over only 10 percent of federal jobs, though the president could expand the list. Because the Constitution barred Congress from interfering in state affairs, civil service at state and local levels developed more haphazardly.

(1886) states can regulate railroads. declaring that grain warehouses owned by railroads acted in the public interest and therefore must submit to regulation for "the common good."

(1887) states can definitely regulate railroads because they cross borders of states

wrote The Red Record in 1905 to publicize knowledge of lynchings in America. which tabulated statistics on racial lynchings and served as a foundation for further protest campaigns.

First, southern leaders instituted measures such as poll taxes, which most blacks could not afford. An 1890 state constitutional convention established the Mississippi Plan, requiring voters to pay a poll tax eight months before each election, present the tax receipt at election time, and prove that they could read and interpret the state constitution.

States could legally segregate on a "separate-but-equal" basis, as upheld by the Supreme Court in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson. To the court, a law separating the races did not necessarily "destroy the legal equality of the races." Although the ruling did not use the phrase "separate but equal," it made legal separate facilities for black and white people as long as they were equal. In 1899 the Court legitimated school segregation in Cummins v. County Board of Education,

to increase the amount of currency in circulation. This, they reasoned, would reduce interest rates. Small businessmen, also in need of loans, agreed.

Founded by James B. Weaver and Tom Watson. Wanted to get rid of the National Bank because they saw it as a tool for the wealthy to keep the working class down 1. Direct election of senators 2. Government ownership of RRs, telephone and telegraph companies 3. Restriction of undesirable immigration (directed @ Asians and e. Europeans) 4. Eliminate Pinkerton detective agency 5. remonetization of silver

a populist who led the March on Washington. They marched all the way from Ohio to Washington and then got arrested (very anti-climactic). believed that, to aid debtors, the government should issue $500 million of legal tender paper money and make low-interest loans to local governments, which would use the funds to pay the unemployed to build roads and other public works. Coxey's troops merely wanted more jobs and better living standards. Crushed by police

all the populists backed him up when he runs against McKinley POPULISTS LOSE. Why did Byran Lose?: his forucs of silver undermined efforts to build bridges to urban voters. he did not form alliances with other groups. McKinley's campaign was well-organized and highly funded. one of the founders of the American Anti-Imperialist League (founded in 1889), along with Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, and William James. They campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

The election revealed that the political standoff had finally ended. McKinley, symbol of urban and corporate ascendancy, beat Bryan by 600,000 popular votes and won in the electoral college by 271 to 176.

characteristics both good and bad could be inherited, an idea from Francis Galton • Limit the ability for certain people with undesriable characteristics to procreate • By 1930, 30 states allowed involuntary sterilization of "criminals, idiots, imbeciles, and rapists" • opposed to immigration. "the passing of a great race" -Madison Grant

Opposed to immigration. "The passing of a great race" , believed that interracial marriage had led to lower classes of people; was part of the eugenics movement

Initiative (requires 10,000 signatures on petition. Then general population votes on laws). Referendum (the issue that the general public votes on). Recall (bunch of citizens sign petition. Calls for another election to see if the elected gov official should remain in office)

Several feminists joined the birth-control movement led by Margaret Sanger. A former visiting nurse who believed in women's rights, Sanger helped reverse state and federal Comstock laws—named after a nineteenth-century New York moral reformer— which had banned the distribution of information about sex and contraception. Although Sanger later gained acceptance, she initially aroused opposition from those who saw birth control as a threat to family and morality. In 1921 she formed the American Birth Control League, enlisting physicians and social workers to convince judges to allow the distribution of birth-control information. Most states still prohibited the sale of contraceptives, but Sanger provoked public debate.

Upton Sinclair wrote this, it was meant to expose the horrors of packingtown in Chicago.

Federal Reserve Act establishes central banking system. To break the power of banking syndicates, like the power that J. P. Morgan's syndicate held over the money supply, the act created twelve district banks to hold reserves of member banks nationwide.

investigative journalists (raking the muck just to stir up trouble) • McClure's Ida Tarbell wrote about Standard Oil, Lincoln Steffens wrote about city governments • Cosmopolitan 'investigated college sports, insurance companies, prostitution "investigates how to achieve the Big O" • Influential Books How the Other Half Lives, Shame of the Cities, the Pit

Wilson: Clayton Anti-Trust Act and a bill creating the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The Clayton Act corrected deficiencies of the Sherman Anti Trust Act of 1890 by outlawing such practices as price discrimination. Federal Reserve Act (1913), which established the nation's first central banking system since 1836. Teddy Roosevelt: • Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration o Imperialist and American nationalist o Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair! o Roosevelt resigns from his position to fight in Cuba Yes and no. As a Progressive, Roosevelt believed government should guide national affairs and economic development and determine when business was a positive or negative force. But he also thought there were times when business consolidation and mergers could aid economic progress and urged the Bureau of Consolidation to assist them in these efforts. At the same time, he was willing to step in when business consolidation led to corruption and market manipulation, as he did when he had the Justice Department use antitrust laws to prosecute railroad, meatpacking, and oil trusts, which he believed exploited the public. Roosevelt similarly supported regulatory legislation over interstate commerce and the quality of food and drugs. While Roosevelt supported the breakup of J. P. Morgan's Northern Securities Company, he did not break up the huge U.S. Steel Corp., and actually allowed it to acquire additional companies during the economic panic of 1907.

The FTC could investigate companies and issue cease-and-desist orders against unfair practices to protect consumers.

1. social darwinist thinking 2. military bases 3. religious missionary interests 4. closing of american frontier 5. commercial/business

"Seward's Folly" "Seward's Icebox": Alaska in 1867 for $7.2 million

Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a popularizer of this New Navy, argued that because foreign trade was essential, the nation required an efficient navy to protect its shipping; in turn, a navy required colonies for bases. Mahan's ideas were published as The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890). Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge consulted Mahan, sharing his belief in the links between trade, navy, and colonies and his alarm over Germany's aggressive military spirit.

In 1893 the historian Frederick Jackson Turner postulated that the ever-expanding continental frontier, which shaped the American character, was gone. He did not say that a new frontier had to be found overseas, but he did claim that "American energy will continually demand a wider field for its exercise." Meanwhile, the historians Frederick Jackson Turner, Charles A. Beard, and Vernon L. Parrington examined the past to explain present American society. Progressive

"Crossroads of the Pacific" • U.S. view of hawaiians hawaii becomes a U.S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties o Queen Liliuokalani "Hawaii for the Hawaiians!" wanted to boot out Americans • U.S. Business Interests in Hawaii o 1890 McKinley Tariff- elimated the duty free status of Hawaiian sugar. Falling sugar prices made cane field owners call for U.S. annexation 1893 American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani o Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894. • To the Victor Belongs the Spoils, Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

U.S. has always wanted cuba. Slave states always wanted to buy it. • Spanish misrule in Cuba • -Valeriano Weyler's "Reconcentration Policy" • -"Yellow Journalism" & Jingoism (yellow journalism is focus on hella exciting stories only)(jingoism is always wanting war) o Joseph Pulitzer o William Randoph Hearst • Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I'll furnish the war

the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine. While it was docked in Havana, Cuba, it sank. "the spanish did it!"

(1898) disclaimed any U.S. intention of claiming Cuba, they only said that they [the US] were interested in liberating Cuba

(1903) • 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence • 2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain and efficient independent govt. • 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station • 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt

1898, Cuba was freed from Spanish rule • Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam • The U.S. paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines • The U.S. becomes an imperial power (beginning of U.S. becoming imperial power)

philipinos thought that they would be free after the end of the war. FALSE. U.S. swooped them. God told US to take them, what was ironic was that the philipinos were already catholic. • Emilio Aguinaldo was an ally during the spanish american war. He led an insurrection against US. o Leader of Filipino uprising that lasted 3 years long o 126,000 US troops, 4234 deaths o 200,000 civilians killed o $600 million cost o July 4th, 1946: Philippine independence

1900 Rebellion in China; • The Peaceful Harmonious Fists • "55 Days at Peking"

Secretary John Hay • Give all nations equal access to trade in China o Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power

(1904) Chronic wrongdoing in America as elsewhere may require intervention and an international police power. America as that hemispheral power

• YWCA the Blue Triangle • Munitions work • Women usued in recruitment • The Red Cross Greatest Mother in the World • National League for Women's Service

• "Great Migration" 1916-1919 70,000 (leaving deep south to head to industrial cities for jobs) • War industries work • Enlistment in segregated units

a civillian ship sank by the Germans, and this was why the US enters the war

President Wilson at first distanced America by proclaiming neutrality—the traditional U.S. policy toward European wars. Privately, the president worried that without neutrality, "our mixed populations would wage war on each other." Wilsonianism, the cluster of ideas that Wilson espoused, consisted of traditional American principles (such as democracy and the Open Door) and a vision of the United States as a beacon of freedom. Only the United States could lead the convulsed world into a peaceful era of unobstructed commerce, free-market capitalism, democratic politics, and open diplomacy. "America had the infinite privilege of fulfilling her destiny and saving the world," Wilson claimed.

If Mexico joined an alliance against the United States, Germany would help Mexico recover the territories it lost in 1848.

Consequently, the committees were replaced in July 1917 with a single manager, the War Industries Board. The War Industries Board exemplified this cooperation: private businesses submitted to the board's control on condition that their profit motives would be satisfied.

raising the surtax on high incomes and corporate profits, imposing a federal tax on large estates, and significantly increasing the tax on munitions manufacturers. Still, taxation financed only onethird of the war.

sold to citizens by government. Paid back after period of time with interest. Used to finance war

[George Creel] 1. America's "Propaganda Minister?" 2. Anti-Germanism 3. Promote American Culture

(1918) it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter write or publish any disloyal profance scurrilous or abusive language about this form of US govt, the US constitution or the US armed forces or to willfully urge incite or advocated any entailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder the US in the prosecution of the war.

• in ordinary times the mialing of the leaflets would have been protected by the 1st amendments • BUT every act of speech must be judged according to the circumstances in which it was spoken The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shoulting fire in a theatre and causing panic [Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes] If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech

• 1919 Communist International formed, aka COMINTERN; goal promote worldwide communism Attorny General, A. Mitchell Palmer (The Case Against the Reds)

the Attorney General who did The Case Against the Reds. • Palmer Raids (1920)

the attempt to create a Jewish Homeland. the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people" without prejudice to "the civil and religious rights of existing non- Jewish communities"—the so-called Balfour Declaration of 1917.

The Big Four (France, Britain, Italy, US) tried to work out an agreement, mostly behind closed doors. The victors demanded that Germany (which had been excluded from the proceedings) pay a huge reparations bill. NEW COUNTRIES created: Out of Austria- Hungary and Russia came the newly independent states of Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. Wilson and his colleagues also built a cordon sanitaire (buffer zone) of new westward-looking nations (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) around Russia, to quarantine the Bolshevik contagion. Big four + Japan get new territiory

In March 1919, thirty-nine senators (enough to deny the treaty the necessary two-thirds vote) signed a petition stating that the League's structure did not adequately protect U.S. interests. The treaty ignored freedom of the seas, and tariffs were not reduced. Reparations promised to be punishing on Germany. Critics on the left protested that the League would perpetuate empire. Conservative critics feared that the League would limit American freedom of action in world affairs, stymie U.S. expansion, and intrude on domestic questions. And Article 10 raised serious questions: Would the United States be obligated to use armed force to ensure collective security? And would the League feel compelled to crush colonial rebellions, such as in Ireland or India?