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early large businesses were in the __ industry and employed ___ employees

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iron, 25

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the earliest examples of unionlike activity in the US were

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short-term actions triggered by specific complaints

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early unions established

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work standards and minimum wage rate, union members agreed not to work for any employer paying less

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national unions began to develop in the __, necessitated by the ability of

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1850s, manufactured goods to be shipped via railroads, and likely facilitated by the ability of union leaders to travel via railroads

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Iron Molders' International Union features resembled today's unions in that they had

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centralized and national control, a per capita tax on all union members, creation of a national strike fund to support striking workers, and an emphasis on strong collective bargaining

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National Labor Union definition

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1866, established a precedent for the labor movement by uniting diverse unions into a single federation, emphasized political activity to bring about legal reform

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what were the main things the National Labor Union did (2)

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-campaigning for the 8-hour work day -favored currency and banking reform, women's suffrage, and ultimately a national labor political party

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great uprising of 1877 definition

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railroad strike, large crowds stopped trains, spiked switches, and took over depots and roundhouses

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more workers were involved in the great uprising of 1877 than in any other

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labor conflict of the 1800s

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what did the great uprising of 1877 represent? (2)

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pent-up grievances of workers in many industries and locations struggling with the forces of industrialization and the conflict between labor and capital, also the shared concerns of workers

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the great uprising of 1877 can be seen as a

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social earthquakr

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the knights of labor started as

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a union in the garment industry and emphasized secrecy to prevent employers from breaking it

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what was the top worker called in the Knights of Labor

answer

Grand Master Workman

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unionism definition

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a philosophy in which a union aspires chiefly to elevate the moral, intellectual, and social life of the worker

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the Knights of Labor is traditionally considered the major US example of

answer

unionism

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the Knights of Labor let who join

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anyone

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THe central conflict, in the eyes of the Knights of Labor, was not with __, it was with

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employers, those who controlled money and who were perceived as not working (bankers, lawyers)

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the ultimate goal of the knights of labor is

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replacing capitalism with a system of producer cooperatives in which producers would own and control businesses

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how did the Knights of Labor see boycotts and strikes?

answer

broader reform to serve the divine nature of humanity through the creation of producer cooperatives and through individual education and moral betterment could not be achieved through strikes and boycotts

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haymarket tragedy

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most famous event associated with the Knights of Labor, a rally to protest police repression of May Day strikers (effective day of 8-hour work day) ended with police firing into the departing protestors after a bomb was tossed into the police ranks, four of the eight defenders were hanged

question

how was the Knights of labor undone (2)

answer

-haymarket tragedy -employers' antiunion activities, like using strikebreakers and lanor spies -suffered from conflicts with workers, trade assemblies, and independent trade unions that wanted more vigorous campaigns for improvements in issues like wages

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American Federation of Labor

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reps from 25 national unions

question

who was the first president of AFL?

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Samuel Gompers, official from the cigar maker's international union

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the AFL was a union ___, not a labor union

answer

federation

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The AFL was a support org for

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independent unions

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The AFL did what? (6)

answer

-coordinated bargaining and strikes when multiple unions were involved -provided financial assistance to striking unions -resolved jurisdictional disputes when more than one union wanted to represent the same group of workers -provided education and political lobbying -initiated organizing drives in occupations without a national union, with the goal of ultimately creating a new national union for that occupation -each union was granted autonomy to control its own affairs

question

business unionism definition

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emphasizes immediate improvements in basic employment conditions, accepts capitalism and the need for employers to make a profit, but seeks to win labor's fair share of the profits through collective bargaining backed by the threat of striking

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business unionism continues to be the dominant philosophy of US labor unions in the ___

answer

21st century

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most AFL unions wholeheartedly endorsed a system of ___

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craft unionism

question

craft unionism definition

answer

unions were divided along craft lines, could focus on the unique concerns of workers in a single occupation, focused on skilled crafts such as printers, machinists

question

the AFL endorsed exclusive jurisdiction which is

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only one union should represent workers in a craft

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an important activity of the AFL unions was

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establishing and maintaining job standards through work rules

question

Homestead Strike of 1892 (6)

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-steel mill owned by Andrew Carnegie -Union refused to accept 12-15 percent wage cuts, the mill was shut down -management announced it would reopen on june 6th as a nonunion operation -Gun battle broke out between Pinkertons and the strikers -Pinkertons eventually surrendered after 7 strikers and 3 pinkertons were killed -November the strike ended

question

Pullman Strike of 1894 (10)

answer

-Pullman Palace Car Company, railroad cars -Cut wages on average 28% during the depression -Laid off 1/4 of workers -Mgmt pay and stockholders dividends were not reduced nor was the rent charger to workers for company-owned housing -Workers joined the American Railway Union -Pullman refused to arbitrate any disputed issues, workers struck and Pullman closed the plant -Any railroad workers in the ARU refused to handle Pullman cars, and the railroads fired anyone who honored this boycott -National railroad strike -Put mail cars behind Pullman cars so that when people detached them the mail would be disrupted -Violence erupted when federal troops were placed on traings

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American Railway Union included multiple

answer

occupations but only white workers

question

The richest 1% of households controlled ___ of total US wealth around 1990

answer

45%

question

the early 20th century was the age of

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big business

question

When Henry Ford added the ___ to ____ in 1913, the mass manufacturing model was established or much of the rest of the century

answer

assembly lines, narrowly defined jobs

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Industrial Workers of the World approach was to be (1905-1925)

answer

visible radical and militant approach, "I've never read Marx's Capital, but I have the marks of capital all over me"

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IWW is the major US example of

answer

revolutionary unionism

question

revolutionary unionism definition

answer

complete harmony of interests of all wage workers as against the reps of employing class, and seeks to unite the former, skilled and unskilled together into one fighting org. Repudicates the existing institutional order and especially individual ownership of production means and the wage system

question

revolutionary unionism is rooted in the ____ school of thought

answer

radical industrial relations

question

from the revolutionary unionism perspective, the labor movement is seen as

answer

an agent for revolution

question

the IWW was ___

answer

inclusive

question

the IWW emphasized __, which is

answer

direct worker action, any step taken by workers at the point of production that improved wages, reduced hours, and bettered conditions

question

IWW's direct action philosophy is called

answer

syndicalism

question

___ were viewed negatively by the IWW as legitimizing the capitalist system and restricting the IWW's ability to choose when to engage in direct action

answer

signed contracts

question

IWW's biggest victory was the

answer

Lawrence, Massachusetts textile workers strike in 1912

question

what repressed the IWW? (2)

answer

employers and AFL unions were hostile towards them, WWI

question

in the 20th century, craft unions wanted to control the standards of their crafts by (2)

answer

-restricting entry to skilled workers to maintain high wage levels -having workers rather than employers determine all aspects of work to maintain worker dignity

question

closed shop definition

answer

workplace closed to all except union members with the union controlling who could become a member

question

open shop movement definition

answer

nonunion operation of employees selected by an employer, concerted drive by employers and their employer's associations in the early 1900s to create and maintain union-free workplaces

question

open shop movements portrayed an ideology of

answer

individual freedoms, unions were depicted as violating individual liberties by denying workers the ability to choose where to work and on what terms

question

the open shop movement consisted of well-orchestrated

answer

collective activity by business

question

what were the open-shop movement's techniques (6)

answer

-exploited racial tensions to foster open shops -open warfare -trade schools to educate skilled workers who were schooled in the importance of individualism -blacklisted union supporters -labor spies -court-ordered injunctions to break strikes

question

Ludlow Massacre (7)

answer

-coal mines in Colorado -Workers struck for union recognition and improved wages and working conditions -forced out of company-owned housing -moved to tent colonies -guerilla warfare broke out -killed 10 strikers after a gunbattle -tents were burned

question

welfare work strategy definition

answer

1800s, tried to create harmony between workers and employers by creating a family-like company spirit and enhancing the welfare of workers

question

elements of welfare work include (6)

answer

attractive company housing, recreation programs, libraries, landscaped factory grounds, profit sharing, pension plans

question

the structure of work in welfare work was determined by

answer

scientific management and push to decompose and standardize job tasks

question

welfare capitalism definition

answer

sough to win worker loyalty and increase efficiency by improving supervisory practices, implementing orderly hiring and firing procedures, providing wage incentives, offering protective insurance benefits, creating a positive culture, improving the physical work environment and safety, and providing employee voice

question

in welfare capitalism, employers wanted their employees to be ___ on and ___ to the company

answer

dependent, tied

question

most controversial aspect of welfare capitalism

answer

attempt to provide employee voice or industrial democracy through employee representation plans or company unions

question

company union definition

answer

committee of equal number of managers and employee reps would meet to resolve labor issues, established and run by the company, can't strike and didn't have the authority to force management to discuss specific issues

question

the New Deal program by Roosevelt would create

answer

an active government role in guaranteeing the welfare and security of the population, including federally mandated minimum wages and overtime premiums, unemployment insurance and Social Security systems, and explicit protections for workers trying to form unions

question

during the 1930's, government policy started following the ___ school of thought rather than the mainstream economics

answer

pluralist industrial relations

question

Wagner Act of 1935

answer

encouraged unionization, enacted legal protection for workers, and outlawed company unions, US federal government became supportive of union organizing and bargaining

question

what caused the tripling of union membership around 1941? (2)

answer

-Wagner Act -rise of industrial unionism

question

industrial unionism definition

answer

organize all workers in a workplace or industry regardless of their occupation or skill levels

question

The juridisctional disputes between competing unions that plagued the AFL since the 1890s intensified with the rise of

answer

mass manufacturing industries (unskilled and semiskilled factors workers in autos, rubber and tires

question

CIO was formed for what and by who

answer

Lewis, to pursue unionizations of the mass manufacturing industries through industrial unionism, support organizing drives in the auto, steel, rubber, and radio industries

question

General Motors sit-down strike definition (5)

answer

-december 1936 -workers took over two Chevrolet plants by sitting down and refusing to work or leave the plant -wanted GM to recognize the United Auto Workers as the employees' bargaining agents -food was brought to strikers in the plant, nonviolent -governor refused to order the National Guard to forcibly evacuate the plants

question

Congress of Industrial Organizations (3)

answer

-35 industrial unions -organized unskilled workers into industrial unions and broken through the narrow lines of craft unionism fostered by the AFL -welcomed everyone

question

in their first years, the CIO unions relied heavily on

answer

aggressive work place tactics, and were aided by communists, socialists, and other radicals

question

in the second part of the 1930's, the CIO moved towards

answer

embracing the AFL's business unionism philosophy that emphasizes stable workplace collective bargaining to improve wages and working conditions

question

National War Labor Board created by Pres. Roosevelt function was to

answer

resolve labor disputes to keep war production moving, organized labor essentially traded its right to strike in return for enhanced workplace security, created fringe benefits such as holiday pay

question

NWLB created (4) which are apparent in today's US labor relations

answer

-bureaucratic -centralized unions -formal grievance procedures -extensive benefits

question

great strike wave of 1945-46

answer

-4600 strikes occurred involving 4.9 million workers -peaceful

question

why did the great strike wave of 1945-46 happen? (3)

answer

decreased employee earnings with the inevitable postwar production slowdown rising prices with the lifting of wartime price controls renewed drive by management to reassert its workplace control and cost discipline

question

what was the most significant strike during the strike wave of 1945/

answer

UAW with General Motors

question

UAW strike at General Motors during the Strike Wave of 1945-46

answer

-leader of UAW wanted to link workers' and consumers' interests and demanded a 30% wage increase without a increase in auto prices -200,000 workers went on strike -GM did not open its books and retained its right to manage

question

postwar model of union representation

answer

unions could negotiate for higher wages, better benefits, and favorable seniority provisions but they would not be involved in production decisions

question

American Federation of Labor Congress of Industrial Orgs is a combo of what? (2)

answer

AFL and CIO

question

in 1959 Wisconsin passed the first law protecting

answer

public sector collective bargaining, public sector union density exploded

question

for private sector unions, the remaining decades of the 20th century would be years of

answer

turbulence and decline over the postwar civil rights movement

question

Memphis sanitation strike (4)

answer

-1,000 black sanitation workers went on strike after 2 black workers were killed by an unsafe garbage compactor -wanted improved wages and working conditions and civil rights and respect -I am a man signs -MLK was killed when he was supporting the strike -workers won improved wages, promotions of the basis of seniority rather than racism, and recognition for their union

question

PATCO strike

answer

-1981 Reagan fires the air traffic controllers and hired replacement workers -to observers the strike emboldened private sector employers to take a hard-line approach with their unions

question

what undermined labor's bargaining power in the 21st century?

answer

globalization

question

__ unionism has replaced craft and industrial unionism in the 21st century

answer

general

question

Change to Win federation seeks to

answer

aggressively increase the resources devoted to organizing new members and will likely deemphasize electrol politics to pay for additional organizing activity, seven unions

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