APUSH chapter 19 part 1 – Flashcards
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Civil War pensions
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Annual pension for union Civil War vets, it died out with the generation. Set precedent for social security.
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"Half-beeds and Stalwarts"
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Republicans split into two groups. Half-breeds liked reform and Stalwarts liked traditional ways
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Roscoe Conkling
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NY house rep. and senator, stood for old patronage
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"Dark Horse"
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An unknown or unexpected candidate who unexpectedly wins
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James A. Garfield
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Republican (half-breed) won 1881 presidential election then was killed four months later. shot by a stalwarts over reform for patronage because he thinks the VP would stop the reform
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Chester A. Arthur
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Republican (Stalwarts) VP for Garfield and unexpectedly does lots of reform - Civil service exam get jobs not by patronage (Pendleton Act)
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Pendleton Act
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There is a civil service exam to get federal job not patronage anymore - Civil service group
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James G. Blaine
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Ran for president in 1884 as a Republican and a corrupt half breed
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Benjamin Harrison
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Won election of 1888 for president as a Republican. Wins electoral college, it was the most corrupt and closest elections in American history. He lost in 1892 because in 1890 McKinley tariff (highest tariff in USA history) made him lose popularity. He was the grandson of William Henry Harrison.
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"Mugwumps"
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Republicans who ran to vote for Cleveland in election of 1884 because financial corruption associated with Blaine
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"Rum, Romanian, and Rebellion"
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A person working for Blaine called the Democratic party this because: they don't favor temperance and support immigrants and salons = political bosses, they like Catholicism and Immigrants, and in the Civil War they were the party of the confederates
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The Grange
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First major farm organization in the 1860s. They feel they have been forgotten because of Industrial Revolution because they are backbone. Forced more on economic possibilities then social benefits of organization. It was strongest in the south and Midwest
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Olivier H. Kelley
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Founded the National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange)
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Farmers' Alliance
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Successor to the Grange started in 1875. Regional (Southern, Midwest, North, etc) started with local problems and by the end of 1880s the creation of a national political organization. Also called The People's Party or Populists
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Mary E. Lease
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Fiery Populist orator, "Raise less corn and more hell". Women had full voting members and held small offices, and lecturers in the Populist party
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Tom Watson
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Populist leader with Ignatius Donnelly (Farmer Alliance) and they helped stat Populist National movement
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"Free Silver"
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Permitting silver to become with gold the basis of the currency, expand the money, easier to pay bills
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Ignatius Donnelly
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Wrote preamble for People's Party's Omaha platform, he was a early leader in Populist party
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Omaha Platform 1892
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This is what the Populist party wanted for the 1892 election: System of sub-treasures (so they don't have to go to the bank), Abolition of National Banks (Jackson), end of absentee ownership of land, direct election of senators(powerful wealthy controlled before), government own telephone/railroads/telegraphs, government have gradual income tax (wealthy only), inflate currency with silver
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Panic of 1893
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Most severe depression yet, major railroad companies collapsed then banks failed. 20% (1 million people, 1 in 5) of workers were unemployed.
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Specie
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Gold and silver metal
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Coxey's Army
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1894 Jacob Coxey lead a march on Washington demanding public works jobs (jobs from the government) Only 500 people so it failed. Coxey got arrested for walking on the grass
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"Colored Alliances"
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African Americans could not join the Farmer's Alliance so they created their own group
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"The money question"
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Silver vs. Gold - issue around election of 1896
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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People demanded anti-trusts, so this act (July 1890) prohibited things with interfering trade (like trusts). But courts interpenetrated it to help big business and crush union strikes like the Pullman strike
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McKinley Tariff
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Highest tariff yet. In October of 1890 under Harrison. The Republicans lost popularity and the next election.
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James B. Weaver
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Ran for president in 1892 for Populist party and won 6 votes, 8.5% of total, 1 million votes. He was a spoiler then Democrats changed their ideas to attract the Populists
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Wilson Gorman Tariff
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Lowered tariff after McKinley tariff
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Granger Laws
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Laws that were pushed by and helped the Grangers
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Interstate Commerce Act
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Only the federal government can control Interstate Commerce not singular states
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Populism
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The Farmer's Alliance got a national voice called the People's Party or Populists
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"Bi-metalism"
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Money backed by two metals (gold and silver)
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"Crime of -73"
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Law officially discontinued silver coinage. No one cared at the time because they could sell their silver to jewelers but then they could not do that so they got upset over the previous law years after it was made.
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1893
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Government buys silver with gold, bad for gold so Cleveland gets rid of Act and people explode in 1986 about Gold vs. silver
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Marcus A. Hanna
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King maker- got McKinley elected with "front-porch Campaign"
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Williams Jennings Bryan
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Ran for president in 1896 for Democrats. "Great Commoner" (Rural, middle class, protestant), youngest nominated for president. Pro-silver, tariff reduction, "stricter control" of trusts and railroads (to get Populist vote)
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"Cross of Gold" Speech
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Speech by Bryan in Democratic convention of 1896, the reason he was nominated. He compared the farmers and working class to Jesus (cross of gold and crown of thorns)
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"Fusion"
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Populists had to decide whether to join Democrats and loss their party or have their own president candidate and then lose. They decided to join the Democrats and it killed them
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"Front-porch Campaign"
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McKinley stayed at home during campaign he did not actively go out to people (like Bryan) he let famous people meet him at his home (looks very presidential)
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Currency/Gold Standard Act of 1900
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USA can only use gold under president McKinley
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Dingley Tariff
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Highest tariff at that point under president McKinley
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Imperialism abroad
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Big problem that distracts the USA people from other issues (Pro-Silver, Pro-income tax, etc) Also the economy picked up so democrats don't care that much about that stuff. Economy picks up because Europe had crop failure so the farmers had a place to sell their goods.
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Election of 1896: Democratic position
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Bryan: pro-silver, reduction of tariff, and raise income tax
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Election of 1896: Republican position
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McKinley (won): only gold, high tariff, and no income tax
