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"Great Famine" (1315-1322)

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weakened population & made more vulnerable to the bubonic plague

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The Black Death

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Plague that killed 1/3 of europe

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Life in Middle Ages

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mostly agrarian; peasants; serfs = >90% population; Church as dominant institution; superstition; God acting directly/ personally in people's lives; flagellants; scapegoating of Jews

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100 Years' War

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War between France and England

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Babylonian Captivity & Great Schism

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These terms describe the period when a) the pope was held "captive" by the French king and actually ruled the Church from Avignon b) two popes ruled simultaneously (1 in Rome & the other still in Avignon). At one point there were three popes. Not surprisingly, these temporal battles over the spiritual head of the Church ==> decreased papal authority & demands for reform

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Great Peasant Revolts of 14th century

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in response to heightened feudal taxes (to pay for all that war) & religious taxes (to pay for gothic cathedrals & efforts to combat heresy)

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Italian Renaissance

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Meaning "rebirth", movement of rebirth of classical antiquity in Italy from 1350-1527, ending with the Sack of Rome by Charles V. The Renaissance is separated into two periods: Quattrocento and Cinquecento. This period saw the rise of Humanism, Secularism, and Individualism, evident through the style of art during this time. Vasari coined the term "Renaissance"

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Economic origins of the Renaissance

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The renaissance in Italy was made possible because Italy was the gateway to Europe in terms of trade, and banking also brought in large amounts of froney.

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Renaissance vs Middle Ages

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The renaissance saw many changes. During the renaissance, attitude shifted to "I can do anything" from "I can do what God allows." People were able to move up and down in the social hierarchy, and artists and nobles started to take pride in their name. Secular rulers moved above the pope in the social hierarchy. Unfortunately, this renaissance did little for the peasants.

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Popolo

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Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power

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Patronage

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Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals often to produce specific works or works in specific styles. Quattrocento patrons were usually groups of merchants, while Cinquecento patrons were wealthy individuals

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Communes

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Associations of men in Italian cities led by merchant guilds that sought political and economic independence from local nobles

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Condottieri

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Military leaders that had their own mercenary armies

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Signori

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Government by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan. These rulers are called signori

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Courts

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Magnificent households and palaces where signori and other rulers lived, conducted business, and supported the arts. Created by Signori and Oligarchies, and was way medium for displaying wealth

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Merchant Oligarchy

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Small group of merchants that rules the city and the surrounding countryside. Created in Italy by the merger of nobility and the business elite by marriage and other means. Oligarchies sometimes brought in condottieri to help establish order

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Rediscovery of Classical learning

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Petrarch started the humanist movement, and saw the Roman Empire as the golden age. Classical texts and arts began to be taught in humanist schools across Italy

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Italian Renaissance politics

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Politics during this time are referred to as a jungle, where the powerful dominated the weak. The five major powers in Italy at the time were Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples. This competition in Italy lead to more individualistic ideas, like building the tallest towers for one's family and also having the best portrait. This also lead to the pride that people took in one's city, and was a primitive form of nationalism

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Venice

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An enormous trade empire, run by a merchant oligarchy

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Milan

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Powerful Italian city dominated by the Sforza family

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Florence

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Powerful Italian city that was technically a republic (like Milan), but run by the Medici banking family

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Development of Modern Diplomacy

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When one power became to powerful, the others would team up and take it down. This formation of alliances in Italy led to the creation of permanent embassies in other nation-state.

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Banking

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First created in Florence, banking made Italy's economy more longterm. It also facilitated trade, making it more productive and secure

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Three intellectual hallmarks of the Renaissance

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Secularism, Humanism, Individualism

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Secularism

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Belief that religion should not play a role in government. This thinking increased with humanism and individualism, and showed the movement of thought away from religion and towards the temporal. Shown through nobles gaining ore power than religious officials

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Individualism

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Focus on the power of the individual and what they can accomplish. This type of thought is shown through artists taking credit for their work, and also by the popularity of portraits instead of religious art

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Humanism

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Started with Petrarch, and emphasizes the critical study of classical literature, with the goal of understanding human nature and intellectual achievement. Humanism deals with the vernacular, and realizes that humans are capable of great things.

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Humanist schools

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Schools developed by humanists during the renaissance that studied the classics. These schools were created to educate everyone, not just the elite, and soon this liberal arts education became the basis for well-off urban men

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Virtú

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Ability to shape the world around them according to their will

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Education for Women

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This made progress during the Renaissance, and was advocated for by Pisan and Fedele, who believed that women should have access to this type of education. Women were married or to be married. During this time, some women were educated and made an impact, including Anguissola, who became a famous painter

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The Courtier

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Self-help book that outlined the code and conduct of gentlemen ladies. The book stressed the importance of having an understanding of many subjects (Renaissance Men), and also that women should have some talents like being musical as well as being educated. The Courtier influenced social conduct within Europe's elite, written by Castiglione. This emphasizes the individual

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The Prince

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Written by Machiavelli in 1513, which suggested that rulers should do whatever they need to retain power (the ends justify the means). Good rulers should act like a lion and a fox, because stability is power. Machiavelli pointed to Cesare Borgia, who ruthlessly created a small city-state, and murder who ever he needed to stay in power

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Northern Humanism/Christian Humanism

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Wanted to put together the ideals of a christian society with classical values. Ex: Thomas More, Erasmus

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NH vs IH (3)

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NH focused on combining classical with christianity, NH focused more on society instead of the individual (Utopia vs The Courtier and Prince), and NH believed that man is good but is corrupted by society

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Education of the Christian Prince

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Book written by Erasmus that outlines suggestions for a ruler's character based on classical and biblical texts

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Quattrocento

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Early Renaissance, 1350-1500. This period started to show an emphasis on the human body (humanism), and paintings become centered around important individuals and the temporal. This period is not necessarily anti-religious. Ex: Da Vinci's portrait of the human body, Masaccio painting of a private chapel, Michelangelo's David

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Cinquecento

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High Renaissance, 1500-1527. This period is increasingly individualistic and humanistic, and art starts to emphasize relationships between people, and are not religious. Mannerism becomes big, and Raphael's School of Athens puts humanism on the same level as theology. Ex: portraits such as Mona Lisa by Da Vinci

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Sistine Chapel

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Pope Julius II commissioned Michelangelo to paint ceiling in 1508, and occasionally Pope had to adhere to Michelangelo's wants and needs. This shows the rising power of artists and individuals over the church (Cinquecento), and also the importance of art

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Michelangelo's David

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Large sculpture of David, which uses Mannerism and emphasizes Humanism even though it depicts a biblical character. The emphasis is on the human body, and is also a symbol for the city of Florence, who commissioned the sculpture. Example of Quattrocento art

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Medieval Art

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Focused on the divine, with little sense of depth and no recognizable people

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Renaissance Art

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Focused less on the divine and more on the temporal. Also more influence on humanism, individualism, and saw the development of styles such as realism, perspective and mannerism. Ex: portaits, and also Michelangelo's David.

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3 Most Important Renaissance Artists

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Da Vince, Raphael, Michelangelo

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Realism

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Attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without supernatural elements. Giotto and Donatello pioneered this technique. This style focuses on the individual

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Mannerism

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Exaggeration of human characteristics. Became popular during the High Renaissance. Ex: Michelangelo's David. Titian used Mannerism

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Perspective

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Use of depth in paintings that added to realism, and differentiated Renaissance art from the 2D art of Medieval times. Pioneered by Montegna

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Artist workshops

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Workshops created by famous artists such as Raphael to train young artists and made painting more productive. These replaced art academies

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Northern European Art

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Reflected christian humanism. Ex: van der Weyden's Descent from the cross is religious but emphasizes the emotion and relationships of the people (humanism). Van Eyck is another artist

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Artists of the Renaissance

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Rich and highly regarded. Artists usually had workshops, and were sought after by wealthy individuals and groups to paint for them

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Women Artists

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Focused on the minor arts such as weaving and sewing. What prevented women from doing more was men, who still believed women were inferior. Anguissola was an example of the few women who were great artists, and she later went on to be the court painter in the Spanish royal court

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Race in the Renaissance

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During renaissance, there were not negative connotations based on skin, and did not think of race like we do today. African slaves were exotic and sought after, and having one was a sign of wealth. Europeans thought they were superior, but not because of skin

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Medieval Hierarchy and Power

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Pope, Church, Secular rulers, Nobles and landlords, Craft guilds (urban), village community

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Wealth and Nobility of the Renaissance

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Secular rulers became more powerful than the pope and the church. Wealth was shown through clothing, which emphasized male form, fertility (codpiece) and masculinity.

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Sumptuary Laws

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Laws put forth by secular rulers to limit extravagance, aimed to make sure everyone dressed according to their class.

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Debate about women

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During the renaissance, some people (especially women) began to question the role of women. Some, such as Christine de Pisan, thought they should have more involvement in the world, while others thought women should be married or to be married

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Power of the Printing press

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Printing press in 1456 helped to spread renaissance ideas such as those of Erasmus, Castiglione, and Machiavelli. Petrarch's ideas did not spread as fast because his works came before the renaissance

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Leonardo da Vinci

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c15/16, Renaissance artist during both the Quattrocento and Cinquecento

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Michelangelo

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c16, sculpted David and also painted the Sistine Chapel. Michelangelo grew up in Florence, and was one of the major artists of the Renaissance

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Brunelleschi-

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Commissioned to paint the dome of the Florence cathedral by the Florence cloth merchants. Example of corporate patronage

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Ghiberti-

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Commissioned by the Florence cloth merchants to design bronze doors. Represented corporate patronage and the power of merchants

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Giotto

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c13/14, Florentine painter who started realism along with Donatello, and emphasizes relationships in his paintings

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Donatello

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Cinquecento sculptor who created the first free standing sculpture since classical times, emphasizes humanism as well as realism

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Masaccio

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c15, painter who starts to show depth

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Titian

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c16, Cinquecento artist who helped to develop mannerism

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Rogier van der Weyden

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c15, Northern painter who paints Descent from the Cross, which emphasizes northern humanism

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Van Eyck

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c14/15, Northern painter who used oil-based paints and realism

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Raphael

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c16, Florentine painter who made the School of Athens, putting humanism on the same level as theology in the papal apartments. One of the first to create workshops

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Mantegna

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c15, Quattrocento artist who helped to pioneer perspective

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Botticelli

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c15, artist who created Primavera which is completely pagan and humanistic

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Cassandra Fedele

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c15/16, advocated for the education (humanist learning) of women if only for their enjoyment

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Christine de Pisan

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c14/15, believed that the role of woman is to run the economy of the household and do more to help the family as long as it is in the private sphere of the house. Her ideas and Fedele's were big steps for women but were not too provacative

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Sofonisba Anguissola

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c16, Women artist who was helped by her father to become a famous painter (The Chess Game), and later the court painter for the Royal court of Spain

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Pope Gregory XI

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c14/15, brought the papacy back to Italy between Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism

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Pope Urban VI

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c14/15, Pope who called for serious reform, causing the cardinals to leave Rome and declare Clement VII the new pope in Avignon

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Pope Clement VII

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c14/15, second pope during the great schism

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Pope Martin V

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c15, third pope during the Great Schism

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Savonarola

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c15, Friar who preached in Florence during the french invasion that God was punishing the Italians for its liberal ways and poor leadership, causing the expulsion of the Medici. Savonarola became the leader, banned homosexuals, and started "Bonfire of the vanities." People became tired of his ways, and was burned at the stake. The Medici then returned to power

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Bonfires of the Vanities

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Huge fires on the main square of Florence in which fancy clothing, cosmetics and paintings that celebrated human beauty (humanism) were gathered and burned

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Pope Julius II

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c16

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Philip the Fair

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c14 French King who forces the popes to live in Avignon in order to control the church and its policies, which is known as the Babylonian Captivity.

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Charles V

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c16, Ruler of HRE from 1519 to 1547. He sacked rome in 1527, ending the high Renaissance

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Petrarch

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c14, Poet/scholar who was obsessed with the classical times, and started humanism

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Giorgio Vasari

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c16, first person to coin the word Renaissance, and wrote biographies (individualism) including The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. He also coins the term "Rare men of Genius" (renaissance men)

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"Rare men of Genius"

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Coined by Vasari, this term is used to describe significant men during the renaissance including Da Vinci and other artists

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Sforza Family

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Family that ruled Milan

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Strozzi Banking Family

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Florence family that spent more on household goods (art) than they did on clothing and food

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Medici Family

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Florentine family that started out as wool merchants and became rich as bankers, soon becoming the signori of Florence. Had large greek and roman library, also built tall tower to emphasize wealth

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Bruni

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c15, first to divide history into three eras: ancient, medieval, and modern.

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Lorenzo de Medici-

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Medici who claimed that his family had spent 100,000s on art

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Borgia Family

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Family that ruled the Papal States while Alexander VI (Borgia) was in power. He was helped by his son, Cesare Borgia

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Cesare Borgia

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c15/16 Borgia was a brilliant general who lived during the period when the papacy was a both a spiritual and military power. He boosted the power of the papal states along with Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503).

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Castiglione

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c16, Wrote The Courtier, and was painted by Raphael

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Thomas More

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c15/16, Northern humanist who wrote Utopia, an idea for a perfect society. He was later beheaded by Henry VIII when he disagreed with the Act of Supremacy.

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Erasmus

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15/16c, wrote The Education of the Christian Prince, Praise of Folly, and created a new Latin translation of the Bible. Erasmus was a northern humanist, whose ideas spread fast due to the printing press, and who believed that everyone should be able to read, and that people should focus on personal morality instead of outward observances (pilgrimage). His works were important roots for Protestantism, even though he denied this

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Machiavelli

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c15/16, wrote The Prince in 1513 which says that a ruler should do whatever is necessary to retain power and stability. Uses Cesare Borgia as an example

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Cosimo de' Medici

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Medici who tried to synthesize christian and classical teachings

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Pico della Mirandola

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c15, wrote "On the Dignity of Man," who says that humans were created differently by god, and that man can be whatever he wants. This undermines the church, and was a rebellious idea. As a result, people start moving up and down the social ladder, and started to aspire to things

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Alberti

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c15, wrote biographies and an autobiography, which shows the emphasis on individual achievements during the Renaissance

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Ficino

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In the fifteenth century Florentine humanists became increasingly interested in Greek philosophy as well as Roman literature especially in the ideas of Plato. Under the patronage of Cosimo de Medici, the scholar Marsilio Ficino began the Platonic Academy to study the ideas of plato. He regarded Plato as a divinely inspired percursor to Christ. He translated Plat's dialogues to Latin and wrote commentaries attempting to synthesize Christian and Platonic teachings. Plato's emphasis on the spiritual and eternal over the material and transient fit well with Christian teaching about the immorality of the soul. His most gifted student was Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.

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Leonardo Bruni

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(1374-1444) In his history of Florence written in 1436, the humanist historian Petrarch along with Bruni, a Florentine city official, closely linked the decline of the Latin language after the death of Cicero to the decline of the Roman republic. He was the first to divide history into three eras: ancient, medieval, and modern though it was another humanist historian who actually invented the term "Middle Ages".

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Johann Gutenburg

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Invented the printing press in 1456 in Germany. This invention helped to spread the works of humanists such as Erasmus

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