question

How did the revolutions of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries help to spread Enlightenment ideals?

answer

very carefully. LOLJK Revolutionary leaders had ideals of freedom, equality, and popular sovereignty (ppl rule) and they set up new governments that promoted these ideals.

question

What was the focus for the revolutionaries of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries?

answer

To make their governments a fair and equitable society by instituting governments that were responsive to the needs and interests of the peoples; they used this as justification to attack the monarchies

question

What were John Locke's main ideas?

answer

Dat boi John Locke was all about the idea that "Individuals granted rulers political power, but individuals always retained the right to life, liberty, and property; the rulers got their power by the consent of those whom they governed"

question

What were the basic ideals of the Enlightenment thinkers?

answer

Equality, freedom, & popular sovereignty

question

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract argue?

answer

He was a French-Swiss thinker that was a simple workman and resented the privileged class. The Social Contract said that the members of society were the collective sovereign; everyone would contribute equally to the creation of laws

question

What was the American colonists' attitude towards Britain after the Seven Years War?

answer

Before, they liked being British subjects because they were protected and prosperous, but the Seven Years War (British vs. French fought pretty much everywhere) was very expensive, and economic hardships forced the British to levy heavy taxes onto the Americans and they protested. With the slogan "no taxation without representation," they founded the Continental Congress (1774) and the war for American Independence began in Lexington, 1775. HARDCORE

question

How did John Locke's philosophies heavily influence The Declaration of Independence and in what way?

answer

The Declaration echoed Locke's thought in that all people are equal and have rights to Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. The people give the government power and they can take it away when they are stomped on.

question

What principles were built into the newly formed American state?

answer

Popular sovereignty; Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness; all men are created equal; the people hold the power and have the right to take it away. Legit stuff.

question

What reforms did the leaders of the French Revolution call for?

answer

Social, political, & cultural reform. Everything about the Ancient Regime was abolished.

question

What phrase summed up the guiding principals of the French Revolution?

answer

Liberty, property, and fraternity [security]...

question

What happened during the rule of the directory?

answer

The directory was the rule that followed Robespierre, and they could not fix all of the problems the reign of terror caused France. They lurched from one political policy to the next, trying to find a balance between the ancient regime and Robespierre's.

question

What was the turning point in Napoleon's career?

answer

Becoming a dessert! LOLJK The turning point was when he decided to invade the Russian Empire & captured Moscow with his massive army. The city was burned to the ground by Russian patriots & his army was left in the harsh winter of Russian permafrost.

question

How were the Creoles of Latin America influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment?

answer

Creoles did not like their peninsulare overlords & wanted to get rid of them, but did not want to give up their privileged spot on the social hierarchy. So that's what they did, no social reform. They modeled their ideals after the American and French revolutions, but they extended it further to include women and [former] African slaves.

question

"Consent of the governed"

answer

John Locke's philosophy - the government gets their power from those that they govern (the ppl), and that can be taken away by the governed

question

Ancient regime

answer

era of French history before the French Revolution, which radically changed France, with new political, social, and cultural structures; it had 3 estates, the 1st was the Roman Catholic clergymen, 2nd the nobles, and the 3rd the remaining population; generals represented these estates and met with the king (King Louis XVI)

question

Augustin de Iturbide

answer

creole general that seized Mexico City and named himself emperor and declared the empire independent from Spain. Because of his bad administration, he was abdicated from the throne and the empire was converted into a republic

question

Barnardo O'Higgins

answer

Creole general that helped in the independence movement in South America in CHILE

question

Central American Federation

answer

Southern regions of the Mexican Empire that split off the form the Central American Federation; they split up into Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica

question

Concordat

answer

pact made by the pope and Napoleon, and it said that France would retain church land seized during the revolution, but the states paid clergymen's salaries, and recognized Roman Christianity as preferred faith, but was accepting of Protestant Christians and Jews.

question

Declaration of the rights of Man and the Citizen

answer

reformed list of rights granted to the MEN after the French Revolution in the National Assembly. The rights of liberty, property, and security (later changed to fraternity) were given to all men (everyone's equal); sovereignty resided in the people. Olympe de Gouges did not like that at all.

question

Edmund Burke

answer

KEEPING IT CONSERVATIVE: thought that society was a compact between a person's ancestors, the present generation, and their descendants that have yet to be born; condemned racial or revolutionary change, which he thought could only lead to anarchy.

question

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

answer

feminist that really started the Women's Rights Movement in America. YOU GO GIRL

question

John Locke

answer

English philosopher: individuals have the god given right to life, liberty, and property; government gets power from the governed.

question

John Stuart Mill

answer

LIBERAL: promoted freedom of individuals to pursue economic and intellectual interests; tried to keep powerful minorities (wealthy class) from subduing the poorly organized majority, but he also did not want the majority to impose its interests onto the minorities; universal suffrage; taxation of business profits, high personal incomes; promoted women's rights and working peoples

question

Jose de San Martin

answer

Creole general that helped in the independence movement in South America in ARGENTIA

question

Klemens von Metternich

answer

foreign minister of Austria; the "great powers" that defeated Napoleon, Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia, wanted to make sure that revolutions did not destroy the balance in Europe, so they met in the Congress of Vienna. They dismantled Napoleon's empire and returned sovereignty to the royal families. His personal efforts were to ensure that the different ethnicities did not destroy the multicultural Austrian empire with a sense of nationality.

question

Leipzig

answer

Battle of Leipzig. October 1813, was fought by the coalition armies of Russia, Prussia, Austria and Sweden against the French army of Napoleon at Leipzig, Saxony.

question

Louverture

answer

Francois-Dominique Toussaint Louverture , a domestic slave in Haiti that was educated; when the revolt broke out, he helped his masters to safety and joined the rebellion. He led the rebellion and pitted the British, French, and Spanish against each other; wrote a constitution that granted equality to all citizens of Sainte-Dominique, but did not declare independence because he did not want Napoleon to attack. He did anyway though, and Toussaint was sent to a French prison where he died of malnutrition; yellow fever decimated the French army and Haiti became free.

question

Mary Wollstonecraft

answer

advocator of women's rights; wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Women"

question

Maximillien Robespierre

answer

radical revolutionary in the French Revolution; tried to eliminate Christianity by closing churches and forcing priests to take wives; created the "cult of reason;" reorganized the calendar; gave women the right to hold property and divorce, but not to vote or participate in political affairs; GULLOTINE killed 40 thousand people and imprisoned 300 thousand more; in other words "reign of terror".

question

Are you the eiffel tower???

answer

CAUSE EIFFEL FOR YOU!!!!!!

question

Miguel de Hidalgo

answer

priest that led the peasant rebellion in Mexico; he called for a new government and redistribution of the wealth and property; he was captured and killed, but the rebellion continued for 3 years after his death.

question

Napoleon's Civil Code

answer

revised body of civil law that helped stabilize French society; political and legal equality of all adult men, merit based-society based on talent rather than birth; protected private property; used moderate policies of the National Assembly and not the radical Convention; restored patriarchal authority in the family

question

National Assembly

answer

the general of the 3rd estate seceded from the council and founded the National Assembly - the true representative of the French to write the French Constitution; this caused an excitement in Paris and the people stormed the Bastille.

question

Olympe de Gouges

answer

French journalist, actress, and playwright; married to a junior army officer; slutty; advocate of women's rights; appealed to Marie Antoinette and wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen;" executed and her protests went unheard. Sucha shame.

question

Saint-Dominique

answer

French colony in the Caribbean that became Haiti; the first and only successful slave revolt abolished slavery took place there and they declared their independence from France. (tiny island made up 1/3 of French foreign trade)

question

Seven Years War

answer

War fought between Britain and France over imperial superiority fought in America, Europe, and India (pretty much errywhere). The British won, ensuring global trade dominancy, but it was very expensive and parliament paid off debts by taxing the Americas, which really did not work.

question

Simon Bolivar

answer

Creole general that led the independence movement in South America; exiled twice; goal was to create a great confederation like in the US; created Gran Colombia (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador) and tried to annex in Peru and Bolivia, but the differences were too great; he deemed South America ungovernable and died on the way to self-imposed exile.

question

Theodore Herzl

answer

started Zionism (formation of Israel so Jews could be safe in Europe) when he saw the persecution of Jews, Alfred Dreyfus in particular. Palestine was the chosen land for Israel, and tensions over the rightful owner of the land are still prominent today

question

The Declaration of the Rights of Women and Female Citizen

answer

written by Olympe de Gouges, who was affiliated with Marie Antoinette; called for women's rights.

question

"Manifesto of the Communist Party"

answer

Book written by Karl Marx that said that communism is the way to go because private property is stupid.

question

"Mule"

answer

device for spinning cotton; invented by Samuel Cormpton

question

Anti-free trade policies

answer

Free trade policies were adopted in non industrial countries that allowed unrestricted entry for foreign manufacturers that did not allow the indigenous population to grow into an industrial society

question

Capitalists

answer

industrialization triggered the capitalist system, which has private businesses that profit using supply and demand.

question

Karl Marx

answer

extreme socialist that hated the gap between the upper and lower classes; hated capitalism

question

Coke

answer

that soda that most people drink. LOLJK purified form of coal used as a fuel to produce iron, rather than charcoal, which was more expensive.

question

Count Sergei Witte

answer

financial advisor of Russia; helped the industrialization of Russia by building the Trans-Siberian railroad, reforming the commercial laws, protecting infant industries, banks, and encouraged foreign industries to take root in Russia

question

Eli Whitney

answer

invented the COTTON GIN and interchangeable parts on firearms, which was then converted into standardized parts for everything.

question

Factory Act of 1833

answer

wages and hours were regulated in Britain, especially for women and children, in response to the socialist critiques

question

Flying Shuttle

answer

sped up the weaving process in cotton and stimulated demand for thread; invented by John Kay

question

Founder of New Lanark

answer

Robert Owen, a socialist, founded New Lanark, where the wages were raised and the hours cut from 17 to 10; large housing; stores with fair prices; opened a school were he educated children instead of sending them to factories

question

George Stephenson's Rocket

answer

invented the first steam powered train, which he called the Rocket; still used too much coal for use at sea

question

Henry Bessemer

answer

invented a refined blast furnace that made it possible to produce steel cheaply and in large quantities.

question

How did Marx believe the socialist revolution would end?

answer

A dictatorship of Proletariat, the working class would get so fed up with the elite's crap that they would overthrow the government and establish complete hegemony of the lower class. Then that would waste away and a completely egalitarian society would remain... yeah cause that's really gonna happen...

question

In 1900, who produced half of the world's oil?

answer

DAT COUNTRY RUSSIA

question

Industrialization

answer

the process that transformed agricultural societies into industrial societies

question

Industrialization in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa

answer

They did not develop because they adopted free trade policies that allowed foreign manufacturers to set up industry instead of the indigenous

question

James Watt

answer

invented the steam engine, which burned coal to boil water to make steam to drive mechanical devices to perform work; the steam forces a piston to move a wheel; measured in horsepower

question

Japan's industrialization

answer

The government brought in thousands of foreigners to begin industries in Japan; private entrepreneurs built huge industrial empires known as "zaibatsu"

question

Mines Act of 1842

answer

prohibited the underground employment of women and boys under the age of 10

question

Otto von Bismarck

answer

Unified the German states with nationality; encouraged industry, huge businesses, and introduced health insurance, unemployment compensation, and retirement pensions to the working class.

question

Proletariats

answer

the second class in the Marx theory; they were the wage workers that only had labor to offer

question

The British Calico Acts of 1701 and 1721

answer

calicoes, brightly colored cotton prints from India, threatened the domestic wool trade in Britain, so parliament passed an act restricting the selling of calicoes, but it did not stop the demand.

question

The British Calico Cats of 1701 and 1721

answer

calicoes, brightly colored cats from India, threated the domestic cat in Britain, so parliament passed an act restricting the selling of calico cats, but it did not stop the demand.

question

The Factory System

answer

large numbers of people worked under one roof with complicated machinery; managers imposed work discipline and quality of the products; LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION; specialized tasks; working conditions were awful though

question

The Luddites

answer

hand craftsmen hated the low wages and poor work conditions, so they rampaged through factories and destroyed textile machines.

question

What did Marx think of music? Religion?

answer

They were bad because they only distracted the factory workers from their misery instead of trying to fix the crappy situation that they are in. Religion is the opiate of the masses because it is a hallucination of a perfect world (heaven)

question

What was the purpose and result of trade unions?

answer

To provide its members with better working conditions and higher wages. Employers and the government thought trade unions were trying to hinder trade and tensions ran high when members went on strike for better conditions, but eventually, they improved conditions and helped the employers indirectly by making the workers happier.

question

What were Marx's thoughts on private property?

answer

He thought that it should be abolished because it led to the creation of the elite class.

question

Why didn't James Watt's steam engine adapt well to transportation?

answer

It used too much coal

question

YOU'RE FINALLY DONE!

answer

Hooray Hooray!

Whapcats ch 29-30 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards