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election of 1848

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Candidates: 1. Zachary Taylor-winner, honest, ignorant (whig) 2. Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party- made slavery an issue) 3. Lewis Cass-father of popular sovereignty (Democrat). Zachary Taylor became president, died in office, making his vice president Millard Fillmore president

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Lewis Cass

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Democratic senator who proposed popular sovereignty to settle the slavery question in the territories; he lost the presidential election in 1848 against Zachary Taylor but continued to advocate his solution to the slavery issue throughout the 1850s.

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Zachary Taylor

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(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

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Popular Sovereignty

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Notion that the people of a territory should determine if they want to be a slave state or a free state.

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Compromise of 1850

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(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

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Stephen Douglas

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A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

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Millard Fillmore

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..., Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise., elected Vice President and became the 13th President of the United States when Zachary Taylor died in office (1800-1874)

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Fugitive Slave Act

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(1850) a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

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Domestic Slave Trade

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Because of cotton boom, slave use increases. Slaves moved from one part of the country to another because no more slaves allowed to be imported

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Gradualism

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A proposed explanation in evolutionary biology stating that new species arise from the result of slight modifications (mutations and resulting phenotypic changes) over many generations.

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Immediatism

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Abolitionist doctrine that rejected gradualism and advocated an immediate end to slavery, beginning in 1831.

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1852 Election

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Whigs nominate "Old Fuss and Feathers" (Winfield Scott) over Fillmore. Democrats don't agree on candidate, nominate Franklin Pierce. The two platforms nearly indistinguishable, coming down to personalities. Scott opposed slavery, lost south. Pierce affable, lack of strong positions, land slide victory.

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Gadsden Purchase

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(1853) U.S. purchase of land from Mexico that included the southern parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico; set the current borders of the contiguous United States (the U.S. states, minus Hawaii, Alaska, and commonwealth of Puerto Rico)

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Young America Movement

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The confident, manifest destiny spirit of the Americans in the 1850's. Expansionists began to think about transmitting the democratic spirit of America to other countries by aiding revolutionaries, opening up new markets, and annexing foreign lands.

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Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

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1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

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Ostend Manifesto

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A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

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Commodore Mathew Perry

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helped make japan open to trade , sent by president Millard Fillmore to persuade Japan to open its doors to trade with the west

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Treaty of Kanagawa

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1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships

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Gunboat Diplomacy

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The pursuit of foreign policy objectives with the aid of displays of military power.

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Harris Treaty

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prohibited opium trade in japan, treaty after kanasawa that opened japan more

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

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Know-Nothing Party

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A party which pushed for political action against these newcomers. They displayed the feelings of America regarding newcomers that were different and therefore, the double standard of the country.

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Nativism

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An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.

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Free-Soilers

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Northern antislavery politicians, like Abraham Lincoln, who rejected radical abolitionism but sought to prohibit the expansion of slavery in the western territories

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Bleeding Kansas

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A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

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Border ruffians

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pro-slavery Missourians who traveled in armed groups to vote in Kansas' election during the mid-1850's, in order to make it a pro-slavery government

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Election of 1856

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In this presidential election, Democrat James Buchanan defeated Republican candidate John C. Fremont. He won the general election by denouncing the abolitionists, promising not to allow any interference with the Compromise of 1850, and supporting the principle of noninterference by Congress with slavery in the territories.

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James Buchanan

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...

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Panic of 1857

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A notable sudden collapse in the economy caused by over speculation in railroads and lands, false banking practices, and a break in the flow of European capital to American investments as a result of the Crimean War. Since it did not effect the South as bad as the North, they gained a sense of superiority.

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Lecompton Constitution

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supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

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Abraham Lincoln

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...

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Lincoln-Douglas debates

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1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

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Freeport Doctrine

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(JB) , 1858, Stephen Douglas's support for popular sovereignty on the slavery issue, espoused during his debates with Lincoln in Illinois Senate election

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"Fire-eaters"

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refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.

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Harpers Ferry Raid, John Brown (1858)

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...

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Election of 1860

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Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

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Northern Democrats

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...

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Southern Democrats

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Supported Slavery, used intimidation and manipulation to hold down Populist votes

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Republicans

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Rivals of the Federalists who believed in a smaller government based on state rights. Their rivalry sparked tensions with Federalists, creating a political party system.

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Constitutional Union Party

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also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party; 1860 election; it was a middle of the road group that feared for the Union- consisted mostly of Whigs and Know-Nothings, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee as candidate for presidency-the slogan for this candidate was "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the laws."

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Crittenden Compromise

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1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

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SC Secession Ordinance

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...

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Confederate States of America

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A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

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Martial Law

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the body of law imposed by the military over civilian affairs (usually in time of war or civil crisis)

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Jefferson Davis

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An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

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Lincoln's First Inaugural Address

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Written in a spirit of reconciliation toward the rebellious states, ___________ touched on several topics: first, his pledge to "hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the government"—including Fort Sumter, which was still in Federal hands; second, his argument that the Union was indissolvable, and thus that secession was impossible; and third, a promise that while he would never be the first to attack, any use of arms against the United States would be regarded as rebellion, and met with force. The inauguration took place on the eve of the American Civil War, which began soon after with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter.

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Stonewall Jackson

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Brave commander of the Confederate Army that led troops at Bull Run. He died in the confusion at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

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First Bull Run

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First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington. This battle helped boost Southern morale and made the North realize that this would be a long war.

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Habeas Corpus

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A court order requiring authorities to bring a prisoner before the court so that the court can determine whether the prisoner is being held legally.

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Gettysburg

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A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Gettysburg is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.

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Fall of Richmond

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Occurred when Grant cut off the Confederate capital in the Civil War and captured it soon after

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Appomattox

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Famous as the site of the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse, where the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee To Ulysses S. Grant took place on April 9, 1865

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Ulysses S. Grant

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..., an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

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Anaconda Plan

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Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

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George McClellan

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A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

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