Chapter 27 AP euro flashcards

first step of system of alliances, conservative, linked the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia in alliance against radical movements

Bolsheviks promised this freely elected assembly to draw up a new constitution

Great Britain, France, and Russia

reestablished old tsarist secret police

President Wilson obsessed with this idea, believed only a permanent international organization could protect member states from future wars

peace conference opened in Paris in January 1919, real powers of the conference were U.S., Great Britain, and France- Germany not allowed in and France was involved in their own civil war at the time, 3 great allies began to quarrel

made by brit Arthur Balfour in November 1917, declared that Britain favored a "National home for the Jews" in palestine but without prejudicing the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities

rival of provisional government, had to share power with them, huge mass meeting of 2,000-3,000 workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals, weakened the provisional government

issued by Petrograd Soviet to all Russian military forces as the provisional government was forming, stripped officers of their authority and placed power in hands of elected committees of common soldiers, led to total collapse of army discipline, began returning to their villages

Bismarck's system of alliances forced all the countries to work together thus maintaining peace because the countries involved had to protect each other. It also restrained Russia and Austria-Hungary because he had felt a threat posed from them in the east so this helped alot. He also saw a threat toward Germany to be involved in a great war being posed so he created the Three Emperors League which linked Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia in alliance

Russia declined to renew alliance of three emperors because Russian victory against Ottoman Empire threatened balance of Austria/Russian interests in the Balkans. Due to this drama Russian declined to renew three emperors league alliance so Bismarck crafted the Russian- German Reinsurance Treaty so that both states would stay neutral if the other was attacked. It ended in 1890 because Wilhelm dismissed Bismarck and refused to renew it.

Positive - they felt they had a natural alliance - racially related Negative - commercial rivalry in world markets; Germany's expansion of its navy; anti-British sentiment following the Boer War (1899-1902)

Germany forced an international conference regarding French control of Morocco and its bullying forced France and Britain closer together, leaving Germany empty-handed and isolated, except for A-H) Germany was now seen as a potential threat and would-be intimidator of all of Europe. Germany leaders began to see plots to encircle Germany and block its development as a world leader. It was a diplomatic revolution.

It had helped resolve the crisis of nationalistic rebellions - Ottoman Empire suffered large losses but remained in power in the Balkans. Origins - growing nationalism - Austria-Hungary's attempt to prevent the disintegration of its empire. It was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife by a Black Hand Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914. Serbia's refusal to abide by an unconditional ultimatum by Austria-Hungary to stop subversive action, allow an investigation, and basically control the Serbian state led to the declaration of war by A-H on July 28, 1914.

Austria Hungary- refused to acknowledge the power of nationalism; launched the attack • Germany - gave A-H a "blank check," knowing that war would likely involve Russia, Schlieffen plan and attack on Belgium brought Britain & France into the war - the most responsible

Most moved toward planned economies - free market capitalism was abandoned, govt planning boards established priorities and decided what to produce and consumed; rationing, price and wage controls, restrictions on workers' freedom of movement. People at home- their role was as important as the men in the battlefields, jobs were readily available; more social equality

organized labor - unions cooperated with war governments on work rules, wages, and production schedules in return for real participation in important decisions - paralleled the entry of socialist leaders into the war governments women in society - large numbers of women left home and domestic service to work in industry, transportation, offices; became highly visible; doctors, nurses at the front, expanded the range of women's activities and changed attitudes toward them. Resulted in women gaining the right to vote after the war in Britain, Germany, Austria; hair styles changed to bobs, shorter shirts, smoking in public,

Strikes and protest marches over inadequate food began to flare up on every home front. Irish nationalists in Dublin - April 1916 - Easter Rebellion - crushed France - war-weariness - troops refused to fight after a disastrous offensive - May 1917 Austria - Oct. 1916 - chief minister assassinated - "down with absolutism, we want peace!" Germany - Karl Liebknecht - Germany - May 1916 - led demonstration - "Down with govt. down with war" - arrested and imprisoned; moderate socialists in the Reichstag began to vote against war credits and called for a compromise - peace without annexations or reparations; workers strike in April 1917 Russia - Russian Revolution - 1917.

Russia was experiencing great losses in the war effort - poorly led, poorly equipped: Czar Nicholas II retained complete control over the bureaucracy and the army and ignored demands for a more democratic and responsive government. He went to the front (Sept. 1915) to rally the troops, leaving his wife and Rasputin in control. Sparked by bread riots in St. Petersburg (March 8) that quickly spread to factories and beyond. Duma declared a provisional government and three days later, Nicholas abdicated. The new govt., led by Korensky, continues the war despite the people's desire for "peace, bread, land"- this opens the way for the Bolsheviks and Lenin to seize power by meeting their desires.

Lenin was very dedicated to his role in the revolution and was willing to use up anything to revolutionize russia for the better. His ideas were popular among them because they appealed to the lower classes who had little to no representation under the rule of the tsar.

The Bolsheviks won because the whites were not organized as one force and were separated. Also it did not unite all the Bolsheviks under a democratic banner. Lenin also assembled his forces much faster than the Whites and thus led to victory. In addition to the White's mishaps, the Bolshevik's war commissar, Trotsky, was very decisive and helped the army of men become disciplined and effective.

-Lenin, life dedicated to revolution -he found revolutionary faith in Marxian socialism and developed his own revolutionary interpretation 1.turned to Marx for inspiration 2.certain conditions- social revolution was possible, revolution determined by human leadership 3. Highly disciplined workers party -Bolsheviks and Mensheviks (majority and minority) -after March revolution German government allowed Lenin safe passage across Germany to Russia -Lenin flees after Bolsheviks try to take control -Trotsky- convinces Petrograd Soviet to form special military revolutionary committee, military was in the Bolsheviks hands -Bolsheviks come to power -civil war, war communism, Bolsheviks and Lenin win

After 1918, Austria Hungary got a political revolution which was primarily nationalistic and republican. Austria was split into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. For the Ottoman Empire, the Allies now could now occupy forts controlling the Dardanelles. Also the Ottoman empire was demobilized and the Allies had control of their ports etc.

Wilson wanted to get a permanent international organization that could protect member states from any wars they are involved in, aka the League of Nations. Lloyd George wanted justice but he didn't want to punish Germany too harshly he felt that this may cause wars further into the future. Clemenceau wanted just revenge against Germany and also lasting security for France which included the permanent demilitarization of Germany.

Both of the revolutions revolved around the ideas of a democracy, liberalism, socialism. However the Russian Revolution was very involved with the peasants and the lower class, whereas the German revolution was less popular among workers, soldiers and the peasants.