Bio 122 Chapter 22 Respiratory System – Flashcards
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Inspiration begins as
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the diaphragm contracts
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What is the result of inspiration?
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An increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure
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Which of the following occurs during expiration?
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Decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure
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Which of the following is true at the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries?
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The PO2 is lower in the capillaries and in the alveoli
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Which of the following is true at the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries?
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The PCO2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli
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At the arterial end of a tissue capillary, rank the following structures from highest to lowest PO2.
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Capillaries, tissue fluid, cells
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Which of the following statements about partial pressures of gases in the lungs is true?
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PO2 in the lungs > PO2 in the blood ; PCO2 < PCO2 in the blood
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Which of the following statement about partial pressures of gases in the tissues is true?
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PO2 in blood > PO2 in tissues; PCO2 in blood < PCO2 in tissues
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What is Dyspnea?
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Labored, gasping breathing
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What is Hyperventilation?
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Increased pulmonary ventilation
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What is Kussmaul Respiration?
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Rapid breathing induced by acidosis
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What is Apnea?
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Temporary cessation of breathing
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What is Respiratory Arrest?
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Permanent cessation of breathing
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What is Orthopnea?
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Dyspnea when lying down
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What is Hyperpnea?
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Increased breathing in response to exercise
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What is Hypoventilation?
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Reduced pulmonary ventilation
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What is Tachypnea?
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Accelerated respiration
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What is the definition of partial pressure?
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The separate contribution of pressure by each individual gas comprising air
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What is Hypoxemic Hypoxia?
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A state of low arterial PO2 due to poor pulmonary gas exchange
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What is Histotoxic Hypoxia?
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Occurs when a poison prevents the tissues from using oxygen
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What is Anemic Hypoxia?
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Due to the inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen
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What is Ischemic Hypoxia?
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Results from inadequate circulation of the blood
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Because gas exchange does not occur within the conducting division of the respiratory system, it is also referred to as what?
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Anatomical dead space
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Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, and 0.04% carbon dioxide. If we assume sea-level pressure of 760 mm Hg, what is the PO2?
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159 mm Hg
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Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
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Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators
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The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the ________
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larynx
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The nose is divided into right and left halves called the ____
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Nasal fossae
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Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages?
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Vestibular and vocal
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What are the most numerous cells in the lungs?
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Dust cells
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Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by the ___________
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Pulmonary artery
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Which of the following does not contain ciliated cells?
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Larygopharynx
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What is the basic distinction between an alveolar duct and an alveolar atrium?
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Their shape
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Which bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side?
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Left main bronchus
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The heart indents into the _______ of the left lung
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Cardiac Notch
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The respiratory system contain a total of five __________
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Lobes
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Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the ___________
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Epiglottis
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Which of the following cartilages is largest?
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Thyroid cartilage
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Which law states that total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases?
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Dalton's
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In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?
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Bronchiole diameter
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The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is the _________
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Inspiratory reserve volume
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How is the vital capacity calculated?
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Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
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Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what?
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Kussmaul Respiration
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Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except _________________
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Carbonate
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Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. why does a good samaritan have up to 4 to 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Toms life?
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There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood
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During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?
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Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscles
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Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?
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An increase in membrane thickness
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The addition of CO2 to the blood generates ____________ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen
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Hydrogen
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Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation?
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Erythrocyte count
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In the air we breathe, which gas is found in the highest concentration?
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Nitrogen
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Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to _________ oxygen molecules
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4
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Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?
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Carbonic Anhydrase
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In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen?
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20% to 25%
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Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue?
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Hypoxia
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Congestive heart failure results in which of the following?
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Ischemic Hypoxia
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Which of the following is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hyper secretion , and thick sputum?
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Chronic Bronchitis
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Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?
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Sickle-cell disease
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Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli?
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Emphysema
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In which condition are the lungs infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis?
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Tuberculosis
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Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi?
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Adenocarcinoma
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Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in which condition?
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Ondine's curse
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Which of these is most likely to result from contract between contaminated fingers and nasal mucosa?
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Acute rhintis
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Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid what condition?
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Oxygen toxicity
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Nitrogen bubble can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, producing a syndrome called _________
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Decompression sickness
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The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in the ______________
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Medulla Oblongata
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Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by ________ of the respiratory tract
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Goblet Cells
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The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ________ than in any other form
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Bicarbonate ions
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Among its other purposes, how is the Valsalva maneuver used?
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To aid in defecation and urination
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Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so?
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Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well
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Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is __________ mL/min.
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4,200
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Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute; spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL; your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200 mL. Your vital capacity is __________ mL
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4,700
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The rate of oxygen diffusion is affected by the pressure gradient of carbon dioxide.
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False
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Output from higher brain centers can bypass both the DRG and VRG and go directly to __________, which controls the accessory muscles of respiration.
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Spinal Integration Centers
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Which of the following issues output to the VRG to adjust the respiratory rhythm?
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DRG
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Which center bears the primary responsibility for generating the respiratory rhythm, but is influenced by several other centers?
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VRG
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The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which of these brainstem centers?
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Central chemoreceptors
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Emotional states are integrated by the __________, which generates an output that creates such respiratory variations as laughing and crying.
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PRG
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f one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through?
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Nares ? Vestibule ? Nasal Cavity ? Nasopharynx ? Oropharynx ? Laryngopharynx ? Larynx ? Trachea ? Primary Bronchus ? Secondary Bronchus ? Tertiary Bronchus ? Bronchiole ? Terminal Bronchiole ? Respiratory Bronchiole ? Alveolar Duct ? Alveolar Sac ? Alveolus
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Upon inspiration, what is the name of the air in the conducting division that is not available for gas exchange?
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Anatomical dead space
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The anatomical dead space is greatest in which of the following situations?
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After swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving
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Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and 0.5% water. At sea level, (760 mmHg) what is the PCO2?
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0.3 mm Hg
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Which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases?
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Dalton's
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How is alveolar air different than inspired air?
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Alveolar air has a higher PH2O than inhaled air
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Metabolically active tissues have which of the following sets of conditions that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
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? PO2, ? PCO2, ? temperature, ? BPG
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Conditions around metabolically active tissues do what to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
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Shift it right
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Hypocapnia will lead to which of the following conditions?
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Hypoventilation due to alkalosis
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What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer?
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Small-cell carcinoma
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Larynx
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Voice Box
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Nasal Cavity
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Internal chamber of the nose
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Epiglottis
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The superior opening of the larynx is guarded by a flap of tissue
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Trachea
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A large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage
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Right Lung
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Divided into three lobes, an upper, middle and a lower. Has the same segments as the left
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Pleural Cavity
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Is the space that lies between the pleura, the two thin membranes that line and surround the lungs
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Diaphragm
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A dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. Major role in breathing
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Left Main Bronchus
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smaller in caliber but loner than the right being 5cm long.
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Lobar Bronchus
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A bronchus extending from a primary bronchus to a segmental bronchus into one of the lobes of the right or left lung
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Segmental Bronchus
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one of the divisions of the lobar bronchus that supplies a bronchopulmonary segment
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Apex of lung
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Extends into the root of the neck, reaching shortly above the level of the sternal end of the first rib
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Superior Lobe of the Lungs
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the lobe of the right lung that lies above the oblique and horizontal fissures and included the apical
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Horizontal fissure
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A unilateral structure in the right lung that separates the right middle lobe from the right upper lobe
