SFN – Chemistry – Flashcards
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| DEFINE TRANSITION MUTATION |
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| A MUTATION IN PURINE--> PURINE BASE OR A PYRAMIDINE TO PYRAMIDE |
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| DEFINE TRANSVERSION MUTATION |
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| A MUTATION OF A PURINE TO A PYRAMIDINE OR VICE VERSA |
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| DEFINE NONSENSE MUTATION |
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| A MUTATION THAT CHANGES THE SEQUENCE TO A STOP CODON |
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| DFINE MISSENSE MUTATION |
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| A MUTATION THAT CHANGES THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE |
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| DEFINE SILENT MUTATION |
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| A MUTATION THAT DOES NOT CHANGE THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE |
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| NAME 3 STRUCTURAL FEATURES UNIQUE TO TRNA. |
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| ANTICODON, 3' CCA ACCEPTOR FOR AMINOACYLATION, NUCLEOSIDES ARE HIGHLY REGULATED, MANY NON-WATSON CRICK BAS PAIRS, 5' PHOSPHATE |
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| DEFINE THE TERM REPRESSOR |
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| A PROTIEN THAT BINDS TO THE OPERATOR REGION OF DNA TO INHIBIT TRANSCRIPTION |
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| DEFINE THE TERM OPERATOR |
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| DNA SEQUENCE TO WHICH THE REPRESSOR BINDS |
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| DEFINE THE TERM PROMOTOR |
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| DNA SEQUENCE TO WHICH RNA POLYMERASE BINDS |
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| DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCES IN DNA TRANSLATION IN PROKS AND EUKS |
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| PROKS: -SHINE DALGARNO SEQUENCE UP FROM THE START CODON -SITE RECOGNIZED BY 3' END OF RRNA EUKS -ELF-4 BINDS TO 5'CAP OF MRNA -FIRST AUG CODON WILL BE START |
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| WHICH FACTOR IS REQUIRED FOR THE BINDING OF AMINOACYL TRNA DURING ELONGATION IN EUKS? |
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| EF-1ALPHA |
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| NAME 2 TRUE STATEMENTS ABOUT RELEASE FACTORS. |
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| THEY RECOGNIZE STOP CODONS AND THEY ARE PROTIENS |
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| GIVE THE ANTICODON SEQUENCE OF THE TRNA FOR: GCU (5'--> 3') |
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| CGI (3'--> 5') |
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| IN WHAT TYPE OF RNA IS THERE DIHYDROURIDIN AND PSUEDOURIDIN? |
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| TTRNA |
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| GIVE 4 EXAMPLES OF POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTIEN MODIFICATION |
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| -ACYLATION -GLYCOSALATION -PHOSPHORLATION -PROTIEN FOLDING -PROTEOLYTIC PROCESSING |
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| WHY CANT ATTENUATION OCCUR IN EUKS? |
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| - ATTENUATION IS THE COUPLING OF TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION -EUKS CANNOT COUPLE BECAUSE THEY HAVE COMPARTMENTS FOR THESE PROCESSES |
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| WHY DO WE MAKE PRO-INUSLIN INSTEAD OF DIRECTLY MAKE INSULIN? |
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| - ENSURES A 1:1 RATIO OF THE BETA AND ALPHA CHAINS - THIS HELPS FORM THE DISULFIDE BONDS BETWEEN THE ALPHA AND BETA CHAINS |
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| WHAT POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF LYSINE RESIDUES IN HISTONES WILL ALTER GENE REGULATION AND WHY? |
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| -ACETYLATION -REDUCES THE ELECTROSTATIC BONDS AND MAKES THE DNA MORE ACCESSIBLE TO TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND RNA POLYMERASE |
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| WHAT TYPE OF PATHWAY IS CONCENTRATION DEPENDANT AND DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY TO TRANSPORT INTO CELL? |
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| PASSIVE DIFFUSION |
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| WHERE IS THE SITE OF ACTION FOR OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ANTISENSE? |
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| NUCLEUS AND CYTOCOL |
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| CHOLESTEROL _____ TRANSPORT INTO CELLS IN CONJUGATION TO SIRNA. |
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| INCREASES |
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| NAME THE ORDER OF ENZYMES GOING FROM PRI-MIRNA TO PRE-MIRNA TO PRERNA IN THE CELL? |
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| DROSHKA, EXPORTIN, DICER |
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| NAME A FALSE STATEMENT ABOUT SIRNA. |
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| IT IS HYDROPHOBIC |
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| WHAT ARE HTE 2 MECHANISMS THAT OLIGONUCLEOTIDES CAN DISRUPT TRANSLATION. |
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| - DESTRUCTION OF MRNA BY RIBONUCLEASES - RIBOSOME MOVEMENT BLOCKED |
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| WHY IS TRANSLOCATION OF 2 GENES THE BEST TARGET FOR ANTISENSE STRATEGIES |
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| IT IS A UNIQUE OR QUALATATIVE TARGET VS A QUANTATIVE TARGET |
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| WHAT WAS THE FIRST FDA APPROVED FDA DRUG AND WHAT WAS IT FOR? |
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| VITRAVENE FOR CMV RETINITIS |
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| DESCRIBE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SIRNA AND MIRNA. |
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| - MIRNA IS NOT USUALLY A COMPLETE TARGET MATCH - MIRNA USUALLY TARGETS MULTIPLE GENES AS ONE - MIRNA REQUIRES MORE PROCESSING THAN SIRNA |
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| WHY DO CPG MOTIFS STIMULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM? |
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| THEY LOOK SIMILAR TO BACTERIAL DNA |
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| WHAT IS THE MOST LIKELY PHARMACOLOGICAL TARGET OF APATMER? SIRNA? ANTIGENE? ANTISENSE? |
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| PROTIEN MRNA DNA MRNA |
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| ON A PHOSPHATE GROUPS THERE ARE 2 HYDROXYL GROUPS. WHAT ARE THEIR PKA? |
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| 2 AND 7 |
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| IF YOU HAVE A "NH2+ UP" WHAT WILL THE PKA BE? |
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| 4 |
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| IF YOU HAVE 2 EWG AND A NH DOWN WHAT WILL BE THE PKA? |
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| 8-10 |
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| IF YOU HAVE A CARBOXYLIC ACID (COOH)WHAT WILL BE THE PKA? |
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| 3-5 |
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| WHAT HYPOTHESIS SAYS THAT ONE TRNA CAN RECOGNIZE SEVERAL DEGENERATE CODONS? |
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| WOBBLE |
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| WHAT MUTATION INTRODUCES A STOP CODON? |
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| NONSENSE |
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| WHAT ARE 2 FUNCTIONS OF THE AUG CODON? |
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| START CODON FOR TRANSLATION AND CODES FOR MET |
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| WHAT CONTROL ELEMENT UPSTREAM OF STRUCTURAL GENES FO YOU EXPECT TO BE PALINDROMIC? |
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| OPERATOR |
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| WHAT IS THE MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OPERON OF THE LAC AND TRYPTOPHAN? |
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| - IF NO IDUCER IS PRESENT THE LAC REPRESSOR BINDS TO THE OPERON TO REPRESS GENE EXPRESSION - TRP REPRESSOR ONLY BIND TO THE OPERATOR TO REPRESS GENE EXPRESSION IF A CO-REPRESSOR IS PRESENT |
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| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ATTENUATION? |
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| A MECHANISM TO CONTROL EXPRESSION IN PROKS |
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| WHICH MODIFICATION TO THE HISTONE AND DNA COMMONLY AFFECTS GENE EXPRESSION IN EUKS? |
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| -ACETLYATION -METHYLATION |
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| WHAT IS THE MAJOR SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR THE RIBOSOMAL PROTIEN SYNTHESIS? |
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| - GTP |
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| IDENTIFY 2 SEPERATE FAMILIES OF MIDIFICAITONS TO INCREASE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE STABILITY AND GIVE AN EXAMPLE. |
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| SUGAR: 2'-F BACKBONE: MP |
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| LIST 2 OLIGONUCLEOTIDE MODIFICATIONS AND THE SPECIFIC UNDESIRED EFFECT FOR THAT MODIFICATION. |
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| -MP: LOSES WATER SOLUBILITY -2'F: LOSS OF RNASEH |
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| DICER DEGRADES DOUBLE STRANDED ____ INTO ____ WHICH RESULTS IN THE DEGRADATION OF MRNA. |
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| RNA; SIRNA |
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| RIBOZYMES HAVE ____ ACTIVITY. |
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| CATALYTIC |
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| WHAT IS THE CENTRAL DOGMA? |
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| DNA MAKES RNA MAKES PROTIENS |
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| WHICH DNA MODIFICATION MAY RESULT IN INACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION? |
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| METHYLATION |
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| WHAT IS THE MATCHING FOR 5'--> 3' ACGT? |
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| 5'--> 3' ACGT |
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| WHAT ARE THE 2 MAJOR GROUPS OF NUCLEASES THAT CAN DEGRADE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES? |
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| ENDONUCLEASES AND EXONUCLEASES |
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| WHAT TYPE OF NUCLEASE IS THE MAJOR REASON PHOSPHODIESTER OLIGONUCLEOTIDES DEGRADE IN THE PLASMA |
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| 3'- EXONUCLEASE |
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| NAME THE TARGET AND THE HYDROGEN BONDING OF THE ANTIGENE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE. |
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| DNA; HOOKSTEIN |
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| NAME THE TARGET AND HYDROGEN BONDING OF THE ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE. |
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| RNA; WATSON CRICK BASE PAIRING |
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| NAME THE TARGET AND THE HYDROGEN BONDING OF THE APTAMER. |
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| PROTIEN; HYDROGEN BONDING |
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| WHAT MECHANISM IS MOST LIKELY INVOLVED IN THE INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES. |
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| ENDOCYTOSIS |
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| LIST A MODIFICATION TO INCREASE THE INTRACELLUAR TRANSPORT OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES. |
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| CHOLESTEROL ADDITION OR USE OF LYSOSOMES |
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| BESIDES CMV ID ONE BIOLOGICAL TARGET AND GENE THAT IS TARGETED BY OLIGONUCLEOTIDES. |
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| PSORIASIS; ICAM-1 |
