Exam 4 Chemistry Review/Study Questions Part 5 – Flashcards
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| What are the causes of Metabolic Acidosis? |
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| Diabetic ketoacidosis or starvation Renal tubular acidosis Diarrhea (loss of HCO3) Lactic acid production (tissue hypoxia) |
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| What are the compensation methods for Metabolic Acidosis? |
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| Hyperventilation to blow off excess CO2 Renal excretion of H+ or retention of HCO3 (if kidney disease is not the cause) |
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| What are the causes of Metabolic Alkalosis? |
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| Excessive antacids Vomiting (loss of HCl) Diuretics (loss of K and H) Alkaline Tide following heavy meals |
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| What are the compensation methods for Metabolic Alkalosis? |
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| Hypoventilation to retain CO2 |
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| What are the causes of Respiratory Acidosis? |
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| Emphysema COPD or strangulation Pneumonia Morphine or barbiturates (especially with alcohol)which suppress breathing |
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| What are the compensation methods for Respiratory Acidosis? |
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| Kidneys increase excretion of H and retention of HCO3 |
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| What are the causes of Respiratory Alkalosis? |
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| Chemical stimulants Fever or an increased environmental temp Hysteria, anxiety, prolonged crying |
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| What are the compensation methods for Respiratory Alkalosis? |
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| Kidneys excrete HCO3 and retain H |
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| Salicylate Poisoning: Initial ______, then ______ |
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| Metabolic Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis |
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| Strangulation or Alco OD: Initial ______ leading to ______ |
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| Respiratory Acidosis Metabolic Acidosis |
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| DKA with vomiting: ______ plus ______ |
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| Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis |
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| Hyperventilation is the compensation mechanism for what Acid-Base disorder? |
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| Metabolic Acidosis |
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| Hypoventilation is the compensation mechanism for what Acid-Base disorder? |
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| Metabolic Alkalosis |
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| Retention of HCO3, Secretion of H, is the compensation mechanism for what Acid-Base disorder? |
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| Respiratory Acidosis |
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| Retention of H, Secretion of HCO3, is the compensation mechanism for what Acid-Base disorder? |
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| Respiratory Alkalosis |
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| Total O2 content is the sum of what? |
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| Oxygen bound to Hgb Plus the amount dissolved in the plasma (pO2) |
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| Which of the following is not part of the Venous blood when doing a complete blood gas assessment: pH, pO2, pCO2, CO2 (HCO3), Lactate, Electrolytes |
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| pH, pO2, pCO2 |
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| Which of the following is not part of the Arterial blood sample when doing a complete blood gas assessment: pH, pO2, pCO2, CO2 (HCO3), Lactate, Electrolytes |
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| CO2 (HCO3), Lactate, Electrolytes |
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| Which of the following is part of the Arterial blood sample when doing a complete blood gas assessment: pH, pO2, pCO2, CO2 (HCO3), Lactate, Electrolytes |
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| pH, pO2, pCO2 |
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| Which of the following is part of the Venous blood when doing a complete blood gas assessment: pH, pO2, pCO2, CO2 (HCO3), Lactate, Electrolytes |
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| CO2 (HCO3), Lactate, Electrolytes |
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| What is the specimen type for Blood Gas Analysis? |
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| Arterial |
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| You should collect Blood Gas Specimen in what? |
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| Heparin Anticoagulant |
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| If transport and testing time will be > 30 minutes for a Blood Gas Specimen what should you do? |
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| Put on Ice |
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| True or False: Potentiometry measures the voltage difference between two electrodes |
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| True |
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| True or False: The reference electrode produces a known, constant potential (voltage) |
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| True |
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| True or False: The indicator (sample) electrode “selects” for one ion of interest |
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| True |
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| pCO2 electrode (Severinghaus electrode) Consists of what? |
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| pH electrode with a CO2-permeable membrane |
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| pCO2 electrode (Severinghaus electrode) - what happens as CO2 diffuses from the blood into a bicarbonate buffer layer? |
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| pH of the buffer is lowered and H ions are released |
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| What does Amperometry measure? |
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| The current that flows when a constant voltage is applied to the system |
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| True or False: pO 2 electrode (Clarke electrode) - Current is produced by the loss of electrons as the oxygen molecules contact a cathode |
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| True |
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| If pCO2 <35 & HCO3 is normal = _____ |
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| Respiratory |
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| If pCO2 >45 & HCO3 is normal = _____ |
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| Respiratory |
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| If HCO3 <22 & pCO2 is normal = _____ |
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| Metabolic |
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| If HCO3 >26 & pCO2 is normal = _____ |
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| Metabolic |
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| If both pCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal, what do you divide the PCO2 value by before multiplying by 100? |
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| 40 |
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| If both pCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal, what do you divide the HCO3 value by before multiplying by 100? |
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| 24 |
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| True or False: If both pCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal, The component furthest away from normal (100%) determines the primary problem |
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| True |
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| Define Therapeutic Drug Monitoring |
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| Evaluation and analysis of circulating concentrations of prescribed drugs in serum, plasma or whole blood. |
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| True or False: It is difficult to measure a drug at its site of action, so blood levels are the best assessment |
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| True |
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| List the 5 Steps of Drug Disposition |
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| 1. Administration 2. Absorption 3. Protein-Binding 4. Distribution 5. Drug Elimination/Clearance |
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| Define the following step of Drug Disposition: Administration |
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| How the drug gets in |
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| Define the following step of Drug Disposition: Absorption |
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| From site of administration into the bloodstream. |
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| Define the following step of Drug Disposition: Protein-Binding |
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| A portion of the drug binds to proteins, but only the free fraction is active and can illicit a biological response |
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| Define the following step of Drug Disposition: Distribution |
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| Movement of drug into its target tissue |
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| Define the following step of Drug Disposition: Elimination/Clearance |
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| Renal filtration, liver metabolism, or both Gaseous expiration from lungs |
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| Dosing is based on what? |
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| The amount of drug Expected to remain Free |
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| True or False: Changes in protein levels will affect the amount of free drug |
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| True |
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| True or False: Toxic symptoms may appear at a drug concentration considered to be therapeutic |
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| True |
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| Define: Pharmacokinetics |
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| Mathematical modeling of drug concentration in circulation, used to establish dosage regimens |
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| Pharmacokinetics Half-Life = |
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| The time needed for the concentration of a drug to decrease by one half |
