Chemistry- Unit 2 – Ch. 3+4 – Flashcards
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| Who is Democritus |
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| -A greek philosopher -founded atoms - "atoms cant be created, destroyed, or divided" -His theory was rejected by aristotle |
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| Who is Aristotle |
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| -Briliant Greek philosopher -everyone believed him -did accept Democritus Atomic Theory |
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| Who is Dalton |
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-recreated Democritus's theory -father of chemistry -had 5 pt theory called "----'s Atomic theory" |
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| Who is Sir William Crookes |
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| -did cathode ray experiment -found all matter had negative particles |
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| Who is JJ Thompson |
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| -mathmatically proved cathode ray -found first electron |
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| Who is Robert Millikan |
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| -known for oil drop experiment -found charge and mass of electron |
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| Who is Ernest Rutherford |
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| -known for Gold foil Experiment -Found nucleus and proton |
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| Who is James Chadwick |
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| -found neutron which had no charge |
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| Who is Henry Moseley |
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| -said all things have different # of protons -protons identify element |
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| Who is Max Planck |
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| -wanted to know why some colors burned to different colors -found quanta -has his own constant -found matter can gain and lose energy |
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| who is Niels Bohr |
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| -young danish physicist -mathmatically tried to find why emmision spectrum was discontinued -math only worked for hydrogen |
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| who is Louis De Broglie |
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| -young french grad student - tweeked bohrs math -found electrons are a duality |
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| who is Weiner Heisenberg |
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| -german physicist -tried to measure and electron w/o moving it -found his uncertainty principle |
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| who is Erwin Schrodinger |
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| -austrian physicist -the man of quantum mechanics -fixed all bohrs math |
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| what is Democritus' atomic theory |
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| -"atoms cant be created, destroyed, or divided and matter is composed of empty space where atoms move" -aristotle rejected his concept |
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| What is Daltons atomic theory |
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| 1-matter is composed of small particles called atoms 2-atoms cant be created divided or destroyed 3- atoms of given elements are identical 4-atoms combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds -in chem reactions, atoms seperate, combine or rearrange -only thing wrong: atoms can be divided nuclear-ly -raised more questions than answers |
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| what is an atom |
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| smallest particle of element that retains properties of that element |
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| What is the cathode ray experiment |
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| this is when crookes filled a tube with only argon and noticed there were rays going from the cathode to the anode. this concluded that all matter had negative particles |
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| what is an electrode |
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| a tube with 2 ends |
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| what is the anode and cathode |
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| anode is the postive and cathode is the negative |
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| what is an electron |
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| negative charged particle that exists in all matter -the charge is e to the -1 |
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| What is the plum pudding model |
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| thompsons theory stated that the plums were electrons and and the pudding is a uniform positive charge. THIS WAS WRONG!! |
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| What is the gold foil experiment |
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| took alpha partices and shot it through foil. rutherford thought it would go through if there was nothing there, shoot out if it hit a proton, and stick if it had a electron found it went straight back out when it hit the middle and went out sides when it hit the off middle. this found the nucleus |
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| what is a nucleus |
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| tiny dense region with more than 99% of mass in it |
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| what is a proton |
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| positive charged particle that exists in all matter |
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| what is a neutron |
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| no charge particle in the nucleus |
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| What is an isotope |
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| same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
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| how do u find the isotope mass |
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| protons + neutrons |
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| [image] |
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mass number: 1.008 atomic number: 1 |
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| [image] |
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P- 92 E- 92 N- 146 |
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| what is abundance |
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| how common something is |
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| what is atomic mass |
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| weighted average mass of isotopes |
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| C-12 and c-14, which is more abundant and why? |
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| c-12, because it is closer to the real mass on the periodic table |
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| what is the isotope mass equation |
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| mass * (% abundance)/100 + ... |
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| what is a nuclear reaction |
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| atom of 1 element changes into an atom of another element |
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| what is a gigeer counter |
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| used to measure radiation |
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| what is radiation |
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| rays and particles emitted by radioactive material. -stuff that shoots off of something |
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| what is radioactive |
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| substance spontaneously emits radiation -act of radiation -caused by an unstable nucleus |
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| radioactive decay |
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| unstable nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation to form a new element |
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| Alpha |
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| ? -postive charge and atttracted to negative -not good but least harmful -naturally exists -skin protects you -helium nucleus -heavy |
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| Beta |
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| ? -medium dangerous -negative charge and attracted to positive -clothes protect you -high speed electron -least mass |
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| gamma |
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| ? -no charge and no mass -VERY dangerous -protected by lead -electromagnet radiation -not attracted to charged plates -must be accompanied by alpha or beta |
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| Waves have 4 categories...what are they? |
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| frequency, wave length, speed, and amplitude |
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| what is frequency |
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| number of waves that pass a point per second -? -in s to the -1 |
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| Wave length |
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| from crest to crest or trough to trough -? -in nm |
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| speed |
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| c=3* 10^8 m/s constant |
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| amplitude |
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| height from origin to crest or trough |
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| equations to know |
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| c=?? or 3e8=?? E=h? ?=h/mv |
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| Electromagnetic spectrum |
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| it encompasses all forms of em radiation |
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| quantum |
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| minimum amount of energy gained or lost by atom |
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| energy and frequency are...related wavelength and frequency are...related |
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| directly indirectly |
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| photon |
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| tiny bundle of energy |
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| atomic emmision spectrum |
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| set of frequencies emitted by atoms of an element (color patterns) |
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| What was De Broglie's question that he wanted to find out |
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| if a wave can be a particle, can a particle be a wave? |
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| heisenberg uncertainty principle |
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| it is fundamentally impossible to find the velocity and position of an electron at the same time |
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| quantum numbers explain 4things, what are they? |
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| energy level electrons are on, the sublevel, direction it spins(clockwise+, counter-), and if its on a x, y, or z plane |
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| l is the energy sublevel. it has 4 pts which are... |
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| s= a circle, 1 p= figure 8, 3 d= clover, 5 f= 3D, 7 |
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| What is electron configuration |
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| arrangement of electrons in an atom |
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| Aufbau principal |
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| each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available |
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| pauli exclusion principle |
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| now 2 electrons have same set of 4 quantum numbers |
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| hunds rule |
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| longest definition btw single electron with same spin must occupy each equal energy orbital for additional electron with opposite spin can occupy same orbital |
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| Noble gas |
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| perfection-dont bond-unreactive |
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| noble gas configuration |
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| short version take noble gas that comes before the element |
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| orbital diagram |
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| uses the boxes |
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| valance electrons |
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| electrons in outer most orbital max number is 8, only s and p count shown as ve |
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| 2 elements w/ exceptions |
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| chromium and copper |
