question

variables-

answer

quantities that have more that one value

question

density=

answer

mass/volume

question

Precision-

answer

how close the measurements in a series are to each other

question

Accuracy-

answer

how close each measurement is to the actual value

question

Aqueous Solutions:

answer

Solutions in which water is the solvent

question

Precipitation:

answer

reactions in which insoluble substances are produced

question

Acid-Base:

answer

reactions between acids and bases

question

Oxidation-Reduction:

answer

reactions which result in a change in oxidation state

question

Strong Electrolyte:

answer

Compounds that completely dissociate in to their ions in H2O

question

Nonelectrolyte:

answer

Compounds that do not dissociate in to their ions in H2O.

question

Most molecular compounds that dissolve in H2O are ____

answer

nonelectrolytes.

question

Weak Electrolyte:

answer

A molecular substance in whose aqueous solution some of the molecules react with H2O to form ions, but where some do not

question

Acids:

answer

A substance that ionizes in water to produce H+ ions.

question

Bases:

answer

A substance that ionizes in water to produce OH- ions.

question

Titration:

answer

one solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution through a monitored reaction.

question

Oxidation Number:

answer

The charge of an atom in a molecule or ion

question

Each element in its pure form has the oxidation number of __

answer

0

question

For monoatomic ions, the oxidation number is =

answer

to the charge of the ion.
Sodium ion Na+1, Calcium ion Ca+2

question

fluorine always has an oxidation number of __

answer

-1.

question

The oxidation number of O is ___

answer

-2

question

Oxidation:

answer

Loss of Electrons, oxidation number increases

question

Reduction:

answer

Gain of Electrons, oxidation number decreases (or is reduced)

question

Oxidizing Agent:

answer

Compound responsible for the oxidation, but is itself reduced

question

Reducing Agent:

answer

Compound responsible for the reduction, but is itself oxidized

question

Combination reactions:

answer

two or more reactants form one product:
X + Y a Z

question

Boyle’s Law:

answer

The Compressibility of Gases (when moles and temp are constant)

question

Pressure is inversely proportional to ___

answer

volume

question

As pressure increases, the volume ____

answer

decreases

question

Boyle’s Law Equation

answer

P1V1= P2V2

question

Charles Law:

answer

if a given quantity of gas is held at a constant pressure, its volume is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature

question

Volume is proportional to ____

answer

temperature

question

As temperature increases, the volume ___

answer

increases

question

Charles Law Equation

answer

V1/ T1 = V2/ T2

question

General Gas Law or Combined Gas Law Equation

answer

P1 V1/ T1 = P2V2 / T2

question

Avogadro’s Hypothesis:

answer

the volume of a gas at a given temperature and pressure is directly proportional to the amount of gas in moles.

question

Standard molar volume:

answer

1 mol of gas occupies 22.414 L

question

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) :

answer

0 oC or 273.15 K and 1atm

question

The Ideal Gas Law Equation

answer

PV = nRT

question

The Density of Gases Equation

answer

d= m/v= PM/RT

question

Partial Pressure:

answer

the pressure of each gas in the mixture

question

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure:

answer

the pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of the partial pressures of the different gases in the mixture.

question

Effusion:

answer

the movement of a gas through a tiny opening in a container into another container where the pressure is very low.

question

Graham’s Law:

answer

The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles.

question

The First Law of Thermodynamics

answer

The energy change for a system is the sum of the energy transferred as heat between the system and its surroundings and the energy transferred as work between the system and its surroundings.

question

The First Law of Thermodynamics Equation

answer

?E= q + w

question

?E=

answer

Change in energy content

question

q =

answer

Energy transferred as heat to or from the system

question

w =

answer

Energy transferred as work to or from the system

question

Enthalpy:

answer

Is the thermodynamic function defined by H. It is equal to the amount of energy transferred as heat at a constant pressure.

question

If ?H is negative, energy is transferred as heat from the system to the surroundings.

answer

Exothermic.

question

If ?H is positive, energy is transferred as heat from the surroundings to the system.

answer

Endothermic.

question

Specific Heat Capacity:

answer

The energy transferred as a heat that is required to raise the temperature of 1 grams of a substance by 1 kelvin (when heating or cooling)

question

Specific Heat Capacity Equation

answer

q = C x m x ?T

question

C =

answer

specific heat capacity, units in J/g*K

question

m =

answer

mass of the substance

question

?T =

answer

change in temperature

question

Thermal Equilibrium:

answer

When two objects which were once at different temperatures, reach the same temperature

question

Calorimetry:

answer

The method by which the energy evolved or required as heat in a chemical of physical process is measured.

question

Calorimetry Equations

answer

qr + qsolution = 0
qsolution = Csolution x msolution x ?T

question

Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation ?fHo :

answer

The enthalpy change for the formation of 1 mol of a compound directly from its component elements in their standard states.

question

Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation ?fHo Equation

answer

?rHo= ? ?fHo(products) - ? ?fHo(reactants)

question

Electromagnetic Radiation:

answer

Characterized by wavelength and frequency and includes light, microwaves, television and radio signals x-rays, and other forms of radiation

question

Plank:

answer

Assumed that the EMR emitted was caused by vibrating atoms called oscilators. And if each oscilator had a frequency, and the emitted radiation had a certain energy, the following eqn could be written.

question

Plank's Equations

answer

E= nh?
E= h?

question

Plank's Constant

answer

h = 6.6260693 x 10 -34 J*s

question

Einstein:

answer

Photoelectric Effect: electrons are ejected when light strikes the surface of a metal.

question

The 4 visible lines in the spectrum of hydrogen are now known as the_____

answer

Balmer series.

question

If n = 3 the wavelength of the ___ line in the Hydrogen spectrum is obtained

answer

red

question

If n = 4 the wavelength of the ____ line is obtained

answer

green

question

If n = 5 and 6 the wavelength of the ___ lines are obtained

answer

blue

question

deBroglie:

answer

Proposed that matter which was normally considered a particle, could also exhibit wave properties. Previously for light in the photoelectric effect.

question

Bohr Model:

answer

That both the energy and the location for the electron in the hydrogen atom can be described accurately

question

Heisenberg:

answer

Determined that for an object such as an electron in an atom, it is impossible to determine accurately both its position and its energy.

question

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle:

answer

any attempt to determine accurately either the location or the energy will leave the other uncertain.

question

Schrodinger:

answer

Developed quantum mechanics or wave mechanics. Uses mathematical eqns of wave motion to generate wave functions which are used to describe a electrons in the atom.

question

Paramagnetic:

answer

Elements or compounds that have unpaired spins and are attracted to magnets.

question

Diamagnetic:

answer

Substances in which all the electrons are paired (with 2 electrons in each pair, having opposite spins) experience a slight repulsion when subjected to a magnet

question

Pauli Exlusion Principle:

answer

No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers. No more than two electrons can be in an atomic orbital.

question

Aufbau Principle:

answer

The procedure in which electrons are assigned to orbitals.

question

Ionization Energy:

answer

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom in the gas phase.

question

Electron Affinity:

answer

The energy change for a process in which an electron is acquired by the atom in the gas phase or “how bad an atom wants an electron.”

question

Trends in Ion Sizes:

answer

The trends are the same down a periodic group as for neutral atoms. Positive and negative ions increase in size, but they are much smaller and larger than the neutral atoms, respectively.

question

Isoelectronic Ions:

answer

Ions that have the same number of electrons (but different number of protons). N-3, O-2, F-, Na+,and Mg+2

question

Ionic bond:

answer

forms when one of more valence electrons is transferred from one atom to another. Produces a positive and negative ion. The “bond” is the attraction between the ions

question

Covalent bond:

answer

forms by the sharing of valence electrons between atoms.

question

Lattice Energy:

answer

D Holattice the enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mol of ionic solid separates into gaseous ions.

question

Coulombs Law:

answer

electrostatic energy between two charges is directly proportional to the product of their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the distance between them.

question

Electrostatic energy =

answer

(Cation charge x Anion charge) / (Cation radius + Anion radius)

question

Bond Length:

answer

the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms

question

Related to the atomic size and the order of the bond.

answer

Bond Length

question

Bond Dissociation Enthalpy:

answer

the enthalpy change for breaking a bond in a molecule with the reactants and products in the gas phase

question

Bond Dissociation Enthalpy Equation

answer

?rH= ??H(bonds broken)- ??H(bonds formed)

question

Polar Covalent Bond:

answer

When the e- are shared unequally.

question

If the difference between electronegativities is greater than 1.7, the bond is ____

answer

ionic

question

If the difference between electronegativities is less than 1.7, the bond is ____

answer

polar covalent

question

If the difference between electronegativities is 0.5 or less, the bond is _____

answer

covalent (nonpolar)

question

Octet:

answer

An octet of e- surrounding an atom is regarded as a stable configuration.

question

Bond pair:

answer

The e- involved in the covalent bond.

question

Lone pair:

answer

The e- not involved in bonding also called nonbonding e-.

question

Formal Charge:

answer

the charge on an atom in a molecule or polyatomic ion.

question

Formal charge= group # of the atom- [ LPE + 1/2(BE)]

answer

group # of the atom- [ LPE + 1/2(BE)]
Group #= gives the number of valence e- for a particular atom
LPE= number of lone pair e-
BE= number of bonding e- around the atom

question

Resonance structure:

answer

Alternative structures of the same molecule which have identical bonding patterns and equal energy.

question

Resonance hybrid:

answer

The actual structure of the molecule is a composite of the equivalent resonance structures. In the hybrid, the bonds are between a single and double bond in length.

question

Bond Order:

answer

the number of bonding e- pairs shared by two atoms in a molecule.

question

Bond order=

answer

# of Shared pairs in all X-Y bonds / # of X-Y links in the molecule or ion

question

Dipole/Induced Dipole Forces:

answer

polar molecules can induce a dipole in a molecules that do not have a permanent dipole.

question

London dispersion forces are the only intermolecular forces that allow _____ molecules to interact

answer

non- polar

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