Chem 101 Exam 1 – Flashcards
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what two items is chemistry concerned with? |
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matter and energy |
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example of physical property |
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melting point |
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chemical properties |
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changed by interactions with another substance, like rust |
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two kinds of pure substances |
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elements and compounds |
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compounds |
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more than one element in a compound, molecules |
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about how many elements exist on earth? |
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90 |
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most of the atoms in the body are... |
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oxygen |
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life is what based? |
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carbon |
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how does the periodic table categorize elements? |
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by certain physical chracteristics |
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degrees C= (5/9) times (degrees F -32) |
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(5/9) times (degrees F -32) |
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density = |
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mass/ volume |
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precision |
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measure of reproducibility |
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accuracy |
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how close is a measurement to the true value |
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Democrates |
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idea of atoms |
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Milliken |
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measured the charge on an electron |
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Roeutgen |
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Cathode-ray tube |
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Becquerel |
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radioactivity |
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Rutherford |
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gold foil experiment, angular distribution of particles |
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isotopes |
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atoms with the same number of protons |
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isotones |
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atoms with equal number of neutrons |
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isobars |
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atoms that have the same weight (number of protons + number of neutrons) |
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(X) ^=A, =N |
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A = mass number, Z = protons, N = neutrons |
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arrangement based on number of protons in nucleus |
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periodic table |
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columns in the periodic table |
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have similar properties |
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diatomic molecule example |
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H2 |
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triatomic molecule examples |
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H2O or HCN |
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simplest formula |
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empirical formula, smallest whole number ratios of atoms in a molecule |
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molecular formula |
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shows the actual number of atoms in the compound |
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structural formulas |
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shows the arrangement and connections of atoms in a molecule |
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ions |
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atoms that have fewer or more electrons present than protons |
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stoiciometry |
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quantitative relationships in Chemistry |
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law of conservation of mass (energy) |
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atoms are neither created or destroyed in any chemical process |
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atomic weight |
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a relative mass scale that relates one kind of atom to that of a specific kind of atom (Carbon 12) |
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1 mole |
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is the amount of substance that contains avogadros number entities |
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avogadros number |
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6.022 times 10 ^23 |
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way to figure out molecular formula from elemental percentages |
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element, relative mass of element (out of 100g), relative number of atoms, divide by smallest number, convert to whole #... to find molecular formula MW/FW |
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percent yield |
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actual yield/ theoretical yield |
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solution |
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homogeneous mixture at the molecular level between 2 or more substances |
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solute |
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minor component that is dissolved in the other component |
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solvent |
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major component that something dissolves in |
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molarity |
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number of moles solute/ number of liters solution |
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volume 1 times molarity 1= |
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volume 2 times molarity 2 |
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electrical conduction |
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movement of ions in aqueous solution -> the strength of conduction is proportional to the tendency of the solute to ionize |
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dissociation |
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process by which a solid ionic compound separates into ions in a solution |
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ionization |
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process by which a molecular compound separates into ions in a solution |
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anions |
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negatively charged ion |
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cations |
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ions that have a positive charge |
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types of strong electrolytes |
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strong acids, strong bases, salts |
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strong acids |
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completely ionize in dilute solutions |
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Strong acids |
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HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4, HClO3, H2SO4 |
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are strong bases soluble? |
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yes |
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strong bases...OH and |
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first column, not hydrogen and second row Ca(OH)2, Sa(OH)2, and Ba(OH)2 |
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how many salts are there? |
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LOTS |
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acid |
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substance that produces H+ in aqueous solutions |
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salt |
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compound that contains a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH- or O2- |
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base |
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substance that produces OH- in aqueous solutions |
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most salts are |
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strong electrolytes |
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total ionic equation |
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shows the predominate form of all species of in aqueous solution |
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net ionic equation |
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cancel spectator ions from total ionic equation |
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combustion reactants |
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A+B -> C, two reactants are going to produce one product |
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decomposition reaction |
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C-> A + B, |
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metathesis reactions |
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ionic reactions which involve the removal of ions from the solution AX + BY -> AY + BX |
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three types of metathesis reactions |
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precipitation, produce soluble/ weak/ or non-electrolyte (neutralization reaction), gas formation (acid-base reactions) |
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displacement reactions |
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only metals considered. one element replaces another in a compound |
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displacement reactions equations |
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(more active metal) + (salt of less active metal) -> (less active metal) + (salt of more active metal) AND (active metal) + (non-oxidizing acid) -> H2(g) + (salt of the acid) |
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redox reactions |
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reactions involving either oxidation or reduction |
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oxidation |
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redox reaction with a loss of electrons |
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reduction |
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redox reaction with a gain of electrons |
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oxidation numbers |
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book-keeping chore to keep track of e transfer in chemical reactions |
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oxidation numbers |
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+1(electron), +2 -> (B) +3, +/-4, -3, -2, -1(electron) (F) |
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sum of oxidation numbers of all atoms in a compound = |
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charge on the compound or ion |
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what changes in redox reactions? |
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oxidation numbers |
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how to use table 4.5 |
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metal found higher in the table will displace the metal ion from the salt of another metal found lower in the table |
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solution stoiciometry |
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chemical equations relate the mols of product sand reactants regardless of whether they are in solution or not |
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titration |
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method which is used to assay the concentration solutions |
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soluble compounds |
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compounds containing NO3-, CH3COO-, Cl-, Br-, I-, SO4^2- |
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most easily oxidized... |
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use table in book |
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the gold foil experiment performed in Rutherford's laboratory... |
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lead to the discovery of the atomic nucleus |
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how many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in an ion? |
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protons on periodic table, neutrons are atomic weight minus number of protons, electrons are number of protons minus the charge |