122 final ch12 – Flashcards
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| Define colloid |
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| a substance with large molecules that attract and hold water uniformly distributed does not settle ex. protoplasm of a cell |
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| Define solution |
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| stable mixture of 2 substances made up of solute, and solvent |
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| Define suspension |
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| Large particles that float in a liquid Dispersion depends on physical agitation |
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| Define solubility |
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| ease at which a solute dissolves into a solvent |
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| What are factors that influence solubility? |
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| Nature of the solute Nature of the solvent Temperature Pressure |
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| How does temperature influence solubility? |
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| Solubility increases with temperature for solids. for gases, solubility varies inversely (more gas dissolves in a liquid at lower temperature) |
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| How does pressure influence solubility? |
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| for gases, pressure and solubility are directly related solids and liquids are not greatly affected |
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| Define dilute |
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| a small amount of solute (a weak solution) Most solutions in the body are dilute |
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| Define saturated |
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| maximum amount of solute in a solution at a constant temperature |
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| Define super saturated |
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| more solute that solution |
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| Define osmotic pressure |
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| forced produced by solvent particles under certain conditions |
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| What is a semipermeable membrane? |
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| a membrane that allows passage of solvent molecules, but not solute (diffusion) |
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| What drives particles through a semi-permeable membrane? |
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| osmotic pressure |
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| What influences osmostic pressure |
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| (volume, temperature) osmotic pressure depend on the number of particles in a solution, but not their charge. (2% solution has twice the amount of osmotic pressure as a 1% solution) inversely proportional to the volume of a solvent Varies directly with temperature |
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| Define “tonicity” |
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| osmotic pressure exerted by a solution |
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| How many liters of water does a 150lb man have? |
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| 40L (10.5 gals) 25L inside the cells (6.6 gals) 15L outside the cells (3.9 gals) |
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| Isotonic |
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Solutions that have equal tonicity
(normal saline 0.9%) |
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| Hypertonic |
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| Solutions that have greater tonicity For example, a 2% NaCl solution Will draw water out of the cells |
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| Hypotonic |
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| Solutions that have less tonicity For example, 0.45% NaCl • Will fill the cells with water |
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| Cation |
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| positive charged + ion |
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| Anion |
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| negetive charged - ion |
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| electrolyte |
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| chemical substance that dissociates into ions when placed into a solution, becoming capable of conducting electricity |
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| Acid |
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| compound that yields H+ (protons) when placed in an aqueous solution compound that donates H+ |
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| base |
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| compound that yields hydroxyl ions (OH-) when placed in an aqueous solution A substance that can inactivate an acid; Any compound that accepts a H+ |
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| What are the seven major electrolytes |
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| – Sodium (Na+) – Chloride (Cl-) – Bicarbonate (HCO3-) – Potassium (K+) – Calcium (Ca++) – Magnesium (Mg++) – Phosphorus (P) |
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| How is water distributed in the body. |
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| intra-cellular (2/3 total body water) extra-cellular (1/3 total body water) |
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| What 3 sub-compartments is extra-cellular divided into? |
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| intra-vascular water (plasm)5% of body weight interstitial water 15% of body weight transcellular fluid (mucus, digestive juices) |
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| Describe the characteristics of water in the human body. |
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| 45-80% of body weight is water (depending on age, weight, gender) – Lean people have greater water content – Obese people have less water content – Men have higher percentage of water than females (females have higher percentage of adipose tissue) – Total % body water in infants/children is higher than in adults (+/- 80% of TBW in newborns is water) |
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| what are prominent electrolytes found in extracellular fluid. |
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| calcium Chloride (Cl-) Bicarbonate (HCo3) |
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| What are prominent electrolytes found in the intracellular fluid |
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potassium (K+) magnesium (Mg2+) Phosphate (HPo4,2-) Sulfate (SO4,2+)
(the cells pms, when theres an eletrolyte imbalance) |
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| How is water lost from the body? |
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| through the skin, kidneys, lungs, and GI tract water lost from in infant can be twice that of an adult |
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| how much water needs to be replenished in a patient with a fever. |
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| for each degree over 99 (over 24 hours) an additional 1000 ml is required |
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| how much water can be lost through the respiratory tract. |
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| ave/day 200 ml - max/day 1500 ml |
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| Describe the movement of fluids and solutes between capillaries and the interstitial space. |
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when hydrostatic pressure is greater fluid moves from capillaries to interstitial space.
When osmotic pressure is greater, fluid flows from interstial space to capillaries |
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| What is hydrostatic pressure. |
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| pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity |
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| Describe factors that affect hydrostatic pressure and what tendency does it have on fluids. |
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| BP, blood volume, gravity |
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| Discuss capillary colloidal osmotic pressure. |
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| “pulling pressure” into a vessel; depends on protein concentration in liquid; higher protein content sucks more fluid into vessel; proteins cannot get out, drawing water towards capillaries |
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| A balance between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure does what? |
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| Keeps water in appropriate compartment |
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| water makes up what % of an individuals body weight? |
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| 45-80, depends on weight age gender and adipose tissue |
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| What is the the function of the lymphatic system with regards to fluid movement. |
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| help remove excess fluid from interstitial spaces; very low pressure |
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how does the alveolar interstitial areas of the lung remain relatively dry.
hydrostatic pressure |
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| simple diffusion removes excess fluids from interstitial spaces to lymphatic channels (prevents edema) |
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| What is the NORMAL RANGE FOR SERUM SODIUM |
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| 136 – 145 mEq/L |
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| HOW IS SODIUM REABSORPTION IN KIDNEY IS REGULATED: |
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| governed by aldosterone |
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| WHAT IS THE MOST PROMINENT ANION IN BODY |
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| (CL-) *usually excreted with K+ as KCl |
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| NORMAL RANGE FOR SERUM CHLORIDE |
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| 98 - 106 mEq/L |
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| NORMAL RANGE FOR BICARBONATE |
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| 22 – 26 mEq/L |
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| ROLE OF BICARBONATE IN ACID BASE HOMEOSTASIS |
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| HCO3 is the primary means for transporting CO2 from tissue to the lungs |
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| how do the kidneys react to acute respiratory acidosis and alkalosis. |
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| in acidosis they retain or produce HCO3 to buffer the additional acid caused by CO2 retention in alkalosis the opposite occurs |
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| List the most prominent cation in the intracellular compartment. |
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| Potassium (K+), 98% found in cells |
