STUDY GUIDE #2 for EXAM #2 – Flashcards
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Which species of mammal requires the most sleep?
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elephants
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What is the most common sleep disorder?
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insomnia
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(BLANK) is an example of a synthetic opiod.
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Demerol
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Sleeping and dreaminig are states of
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unconsciousness
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Which of the following best describes the percentage of college students exhibiting posthypnotic suggestion in response to suggestions?
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One in four
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Amphetamine psychosis resembles acute episodes of which psychological disorder?
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schizophrenia
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Meditation is predicted to be useful in treatment of each of the following EXCEPT
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diabetes
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Sherilyn takes MDMA. When she buys the drug at her local dance club, she asks for
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Ecstasy
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According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming, random eletrical activity in the (BLANK) is interpreted by the (BLANK) to create a story line.
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brainstem / cerebral cortex
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If your college campus is like the average campus in the United States, what percentage of students engages in binge drinking?
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the majority, 66%
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Regarding hypnosis, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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Hypnosis can cause people to commit illegal acts
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Which of the following stimulants is likely to produce hallucinogenic effects?
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MDMA
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Regarding sleep cycles, which of the following staments is FALSE?
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As the night progresses, the amount of time spent in REM sleep decreases
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Which of the following people is at risk for inducing psychosis?
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Robyn abuses amphetamines
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Monica is having a long, detailed dream. In which stage of sleep is Monica most likely to be?
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REM
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Regarding tranquilizers, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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Tranquilizers can lead to physical, but not psychological, dependence.
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What is the most widely used psychoactive drug?
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caffeine
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Narcotics is another term for which type of drug?
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Opioids
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Compared to dreams during REM, NREM dreams are
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more though-like
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In general, nightmare disorder is to (BLANK) sleep as sleep terror disorder is to (BLANK) sleep.
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REM / Stage 3 or 4
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Regarding circadian rhythms, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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During exposure to light, melatonin production increases, helping is maintain wakefulness.
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Regarding the effects of smoking, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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Smoking causes cancer but is not linked to cardiovascular disease.
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In which stage do you spend the majority of your sleep time?
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Stage 2
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Regarding psychoactive drugs, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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Despite the common belief, alcohol is not a drug.
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Since hallucinogens alter sensory perceptions and produce sensory distortions, they are also called
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psychodelics
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Regarding sleepwalking disorder, which of the followinf statements is FALSE?
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Awakening a sleepwalker can be dangerous
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Some nights Chang has problems falling asleep. Other nights, he wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty returning to sleep. Chang likely suffers fromwhich sleep disorder?
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insomnia
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Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements id FALSE?
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All dreams occur during REM sleep
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Which statements best describes the relationship between narcolepsy and falling asleep while driving?
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Sleep attacks rarely occur while people are driving
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Which of the following is a "paradoxical" effect of nicotine?
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mental calmness and relaxation
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According to our present understanding, which statement is correct regarding consciousness of anesthetized patients?
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Awarenes flutuates between full attention and divided attention
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Which hallucinogen may cause feelings of bling rage?
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PCP
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Jet lag has shown to be associated with
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all of the above
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All but which of the following are considered psychological factors that contribute to the development of drug use and dependence?
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high achievement motivation
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A state of awareness of ourselves and the world around us is
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consciousness
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Regarding alcoholism, which of the following statements is TRUE?
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Alcoholism can lead to cirrhosis of the liver
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Regarding alcohol use among college students, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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The average college student drinks about two gallons of alcoholic beverages per year
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Outline the steps that can prevent insomnia
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...
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Regarding barbiturates, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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Overdoses of barbiturates can lead to convulsions, but rarely lead to death.
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Reduction of central nervous system activity is the defining feature of
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depressants
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Regarding daydreaming, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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The majority of daydreams have sexual themes
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To combat insomnia, all but which of the following are recommended in the text?
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Go to bed whenever you feel tired, and get up whenever you feel refreshed
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THC is the psychoactive ingredient in
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marijuana
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Describe the various stages of sleep
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...
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Inheriting a greater tolerance for the negative effects of alcohol
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makes it more likely that one will develop alcoholism
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Sleep cycles repeat about every (BLANK) minutes, and the typical adult has (BLANK) cycles per night.
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90 minutes / four to five
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A common treatment for opioid addiction is
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methadone
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Which of the following drugs can lead to psychological but not physiological dependence?
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LSD
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In meditation, a mantra is a
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sound or phrase
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Regarding patterns of smoking, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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More educated adults are less likely to smoke than less educated people
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Regarding opioids, which of the following statements is TRUE?
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All of the above are true
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Regarding sleep patterns across the life cycle, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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Infants spend more time in NREM sleep than adults do
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Regarding alcohol, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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Alcohol has an inhibiting effect, which may lead to impulsive behavior.
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In which state of consciousness should a person's level of awareness or attention be the highest?
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focused awareness
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Dr. Schumann, a health psychologist, believes that changing the image that children have of drug users is the key to success in preventing childhood drug use. which type of factor influencing drug use in Schumann addressing?
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cognitive
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Regarding stimulants, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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All stimulants are illicit drugs
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In their dancing meditation, Turkey's "Whirling Dervishes" focus on
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their breathing
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Nadia frequently drives home without paying attention to her route. This is an example of
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automatic pilot
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Hashish is a potent form of which psychoactive drug?
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marijuana
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On many nights Matilda is able to decide in advance what she will dream about. She is also sometimes able to control her dreams as they occur. The term (BLANK) is used to describe Matilda's dreams.
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lucid
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Which of the following statements about marijuana is FALSE?
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It has been shown that regular use leads to both psychological and physiological dependence.
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Regarding sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is TRUE?
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Loss of REM sleep impairs learning abilities and memory
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Your psychology professor argues that dreams represent an attempt by the cerebral cortex to make sense of the random discharges of electrical activity that occur during REM sleep. From which perspective are your professor's comments?
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neurotransmitter reintegration theory
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Regarding William James, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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James believed that consciousness is a fixed state
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Samantha simultaneously performs two different tasks, each of which demands some level of attention. Samantha is using
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divided consciousness
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Homeostasis is the basis for which theory of motivation?
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drive theory
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Which theorists supported instinct theory?
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Sigmund Freud and William James
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The three components of emotions are
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bodily arousal, cognitions, and expressed behavior
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In terms of prefrontal activation associated with emotions, left hemisphere is to (BLANK) emotions as right hemisphere is to (BLANK) emotions.
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positive / negative
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The instinct theory of human motivation was replaced by the
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drive theory
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Cognitive theorists suggest that anger is prompted by
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a person's reaction to frustrating situations
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In regards to arousal, drive theory suggests that
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there is a motivation to reduce arousal
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In Plutchik's perspective on emotions, all but which of the following are considered secondary emotions?
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anticipation
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Silvio teaches high school in Mainstream, U.S.A. What percentage of his female students can be expected to say they are unhappy with their weight and body image?
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50% to 75%
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Regarding research on need for achievement, which of the following findings is FALSE?
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The need for achievement is driven by insintric motivation, but not extrinsic motivation
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After not having eaten for a while, blood sugar (BLANK) and fat cells (BLANK).
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falls / release fat
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Arousal theory suggests that organisms have a motivation to
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maintain an optimal level of arousal
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Bulimia nervosa
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involves recurrent episodes of bingeing and purging, with maintenance of a relatively normal weight
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Dru is an overweight 14-year-old. What are ger chances of becoming an obese adult?
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high, about 75%
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Cannon and Washburn found (BLANK) between stomach contractions and hunger.
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a close relationship
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Summerize the nature and possible causes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
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...
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According to Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions, awe consists of
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fear and surprise
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Event though Fabiola does not need a new dress, she buys one because she really feels drawn toward it. This is an example of
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incentive value
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The desire to steer clear failure is called
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avoidance motivation
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Liam has had his stomach surgicallyremove. He should expect to
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experience hunger and eat regularly
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According to set point theoy, when people lose weight
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metabolic rate is decreased
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Festinger and Carlsmith conducted a landmark experiment investigating
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cognitive dissonance
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The foremost advocate of drive theory was
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Clark Hull
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Summarize the various theories of emotion.
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...
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Individuals who require a high need for arousal are termed
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sensation-seekers
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In 2002 a mor sophisticated approach to lie detecting than the standard polygraph was introduced. This approach measures
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facial temperature
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Whatis the typical sequencing of needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
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physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
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Regarding obesity, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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Obesity rates in the U.S. are rising among children, but decreasing among adults.
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Terry is desribed as ahving extrinsic motivation for the achievement of his goals. This means that Terry
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has a desire for external rewards
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A need is
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a state of deprivation or deficiency
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Empathy is most likely t play a role in which aspect of emotional intelligence?
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recognizing emotions in others
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Dana and Fox have a relationship in hich they have intense sexual desires for each other. Their relationship is characterized by which component of love in the triangular model?
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passion
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In their study of the relationship between hunger and stomah contracions, annon and Washburn measures stomach contractions by
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recording pressure on a balloon that Washburn swallowed
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In the dual-pathway model of fear, the 'high road' leads to the (BLANK) and the "low road" leades to the (BLANK).
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cortex / amygdala
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Which of the following is a secondary drive?
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desire to earn money
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Charlize has anorexia nervosa. She is at risk for developing any of the following EXCEPT
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diabetes
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The hierarchy of needs model of human motivation was developed by
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Maslow
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Which of the following is NOT an argument aganst instinct theory for human behavior?
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The list of instincts was not large enough to account for human behavior
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Who conducted research suggesting that humans and many other animals have innate needs for exploration and activity?
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Harry Harlow
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Which theory of emotion suggests that emotion and bodily reactions occur almost simultaneously?
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Cannon-Bard
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A group of co-worker at Acme Corporation decides to diet together. Over six months, they collectivelys hed 349 pounds. Of the group, approximately what percentage is predicted to regain the weight that they lost?
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more than 90%
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The needs or wants drive behavior and explain why we do what we do are called
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motives
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Subjective, or conscious, expeience of feelings is associated with which component of emotions?
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cognition
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According to the tet, severely obese people have about (BLANK) fat cells.
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200 billion or more
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs has how many levels?
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5
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The rate at which one's body burns calories at rest is called
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basal metabolism
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Display rules refer to
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cultural guidelines regulating emotional expression
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Motivation includes factors that (BLANK) goal-directed behavior.
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activate, direct, and sustain
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Stephen has a low need for achievement. Generalizing from research, we would predict that Stephen will set goals that are
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so low they are always attainable or so high they are never attainable
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Other factors being equal, which person is most likely to develop an eating disorder?
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Francine, a 20-year-od White female
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In general, the relationship between arousal and performance is graphically represented by
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an inverted U-shaped curve
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Who is a major researcher in the study of need for achievement?
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David McClelland
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Maslow reffered to the need to fulfill one's own uique potential as the need for
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self-actualization
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Which hormone do scientists believe plays a role in putting the brakes on hunger when the body has consumed enough food?
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leptin
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All of the following are measures during a polygraph EXCEPT:
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pupil dilation
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According to the text, one of the most common ways of reducing cognitive dissonance is to
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ignore the inconsistencies until the fade away.
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The people in the higher-paid group in the Festinger and Carlsmith study experienced
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less dissonance because they felt the pay justified lying
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Dr. Diaz is a researcher studying emotions. Specifically, Diaz is interested in the behavioral expression of emotions. Her research program could involve any of the following EXCEPT
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age differences in the cognitive appraisal of anger
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Outline steps you can take to control your anger
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...
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Regarding cultural differences in emotions, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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?????
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Paul and Joanna have a love relationship characterized by high levels of intimacy, passion, and commitment. Using the triangular model, their love would be described as
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consummate love
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Who proposed a triangular theory of love?
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Robert Sternberg
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Who suggest that patterns of prefrontal cortical activation may predispose people to certain patterns of emotions?
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Richard Davidson
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The need for achievement is driven by
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intrinsic or extrinsic motivation or both
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According to the text, each of the followin factors plays a major role in obesity EXCEPT
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behavioral patterns
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To determine th e role of nature versus nurture in partiular human traits, developmental researcers use all of the following EXCEPT
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environmental deprivation studies
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By which week of prenatal development have all of the offspring's major organs systems formed?
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week twelve
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Your psychology professor lectures on evidence suggesting that certain personality traits remain consistent over time, while others change with age. With which question of development is your professor's lecture concerned?
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stability versus instability
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Lewis Terman's famous study of intellectually gifted children is an example of which type of research design?
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longitudinal
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Tara contracts Rubella during th early part of her pregnancy. Her offspring is at increased risk for developing
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heart disease
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All but which of the following are disadvantages of the longitudinal method of studying developmental changes?
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differences may be a function of historical or social influences, rather than being age-related.
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All but which of the following researchers are pioneers in the study of attachment?
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Diana Baumrind
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What is the correct squence of psychological stages in the cild development?
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trust, autonomy, initiative, industry
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An image of the fetus and amniotic sac is provided by which prenatal technique?
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ultrasound
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Regarding children's televison viewing patterns, which of the following statements is TRUE?
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All of the above are true
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Which of the following is NOT true of peer-rejected kindergartners?
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They are academic over-achievers
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What is the correct order of stages in prenatal development?
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germinal, embryonic, fetal
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Generalizing from attachment research, it appears that the majoriy of infants have which attachment style?
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secure
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A technique that focuses on instruction at the zone of promixal development is called
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scaffolding
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Of the five senses, which is the slowest to develop?
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vision
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Developmental psychologists describe prenatal develpment as occuring in
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three stages; germinal, embryonic, and fetal
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If Miguel's son's development is normal, Miguel can expect that his son will develop depth perception by about what age?
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6 months
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According to Piaget, full cognitive maturity occurs in which stage of cognitive development?
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formal operational
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Whether genetics or environment is the major influence on development is the focus of which question that underlies the study of human developmet?
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nature versus nurture
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Your text maks all but which of the following parental recommendations for responsible television viewing?
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Regulate your children's television viewing for them
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An average child in the conrete operational development can be expected to do all but which of the following?
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generate hypotheses and think deductively
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In descriptions of temperament, another term for "slow-to-warm-up" is
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inhibited
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Where does fertilization typically occur?
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a fallopian tube
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Which of the following has NOT been put forth as a criticism of Piaget?
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His research techniques were too rigorous
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Among parenting styles, rigid is to (BLANK) as lax is to (BLANK).
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authoritarian / permissive
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All but which of the following are characteristic of the preoperatioal stage fo cognitive development?
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conservation
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Regarding the effects of teratogens on prenatal development, it appears that
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the embryonic stage is the one most susceptible to major structural abnormalities from teratogens
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In their research with baby rhesus monkeys, the Harlows demonstrated that (BLANK) was a strong determinant of attachment.
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comfort contract
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Which of the following can be detected by chorionic villus sampling?
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Down syndrome
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The umbilical cord connects the
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embryo and fetus to the placenta
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Ursula, who is seventeen weeks pregnant, has a prenatal test in which fluid containing fetal cells is extracted and analyzed for biochemical and chromosomal abnormalities. Which prenatal test is Ursula having performed?
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amniocentesis
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Psychologists use the term (BLANK) to describe a characteristic style of behavior or disposition.
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temperament
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What general term does Piaget use for the process of changing to function more effectively in meeting challenges?
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adaptation
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In the Moro reflex, an infant
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extends its arms and arches its back when its head falls backward
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Regarding attachment, which of the following statements is true?
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Attachment paterms in infancy have limited influence on relationshipsin adulthood
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Third grade teacher Ben Stallworth can expect that the majority of his eight- and nine-year-old students are in which stage of cognitive development?
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concrete operational
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Ten-month-old Kazik's parents are very sensitive to her needs. Whenever she cries, someone tries to comfort her. She will probably effectively resolve which psychosocial crisis?
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trust vs. mistrust
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The fetal stage of prenatal development lasts from
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week nine through delivery
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What type of infant temperament is associated with better adjustment in adulthood?
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easy
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In prenatal development, the time between conception and about week two is called the
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germinal stage
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Discuss the four questions that have shaped the study of human development.
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...
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Pedro Just began lifting his chin and bringing objects to his mouth. What age would you guess Pedro to be?
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2 to 3 months
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Which activity might allow Gwyneth to help her six-month-old granddaughter develop object permanence?
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playing peek-a-boo with her
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In cross-cultural studies of infant attachment among Japanese and American children, what has been found?
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Japanese children more often demonstate insecure attachments in the Strange Situation than American children
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If Felicity's development is average, she can be expected to discriminate among happy, angry, and neutral facial expression at what age?
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4 to 6 months
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Twenty-month-old Hannah realizes that her mother still exists even when Hannah cannot see her. What cognitive achievement has Hannah mastered?
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object permanence
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An unlearned response to a particlar stimulus is a(n)
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reflex
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Impaired hearing and vision, deformed teeth and bones, and liver damage may occur as a result of which teratogen?
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congenital syphilis
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Cohort effects
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present problems for the interpretation of cross-sectional research
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Chris and Pat set limits for their children without being overcontrolling. Which style of parenting are they using?
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authoritative
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Research suggests that children put in high-quality day care
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all of the above
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The New York Longitudinal Study identified (BLANK) types of temperament, and they are called (BLANK).
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3 / easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
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Explain the contribution of each of the following theorists to the understanding of childhood social-emotional development: Konrad Lorenz, Harry and Marguerite Harlow, John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, Diana Baumrind.
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...
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Dr. Samuelson studies cognitive development from the information-processing perspective. Of the following topics, which is likely to be of least interest to Samuelson?
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conservation
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Discuss some of the issues related to television viewing in childrem.
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...
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In Vygotsky's terms, the range between a child's present level of skills and knowledge and their potential level of skills and knowledge with appropriate guidance is called the child's
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zone of proximal development
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In her research on attachment, Ainsworth noted (BLANK) different styles of attachment, an thy are called (BLANK).
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3 / secure, inseure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant
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In developmental psychology, quantative is to (BLANK) as qualitative is to (BLANK).
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continuity / discontinuity
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Infants show preferences for sweets at
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birth
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The tendency to view the world only from one's own perspective is
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egocentrism
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The formation of a strong bond of a newborn animal to the first moving object seen after birth is called
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imprinting
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Research examining the effects of full-time day care on infant attachment has found
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no strong evidence that day-care interferes with attachment
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The New York Longitudinal Study was a landmark study of
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learning
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Which of the following parental actions is associated with children having more behavior problems?
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excessive use of criticism, use of harsh punishment, and inconsistent discipline
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Infant researcher Dr. Gibson uses the visual cliff apparatus to test infant's sensory abilities. What, specifically, is Gibson studying?
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depth perception
