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Indirect election

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- process where voters in an election don't actually choose between candidates but rather elect persons who will then make the final choice.

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direct election

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-direct democracy - is choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the person that they desire to see elected.

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Article 2

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-section 1, clause 2 specifies how many electors each state is entitled to have and that each state's legislature decides how its electors are to be chosen. -section 1 describes basics of the electoral college.

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Winner-take-all

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- winner of the statewide popular vote receives all of the states electoral votes.

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Simple Majority

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- means receiving more than 50% of the votes of those actually voting to approve a position or election.

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Supermajority

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-requires receiving more than a simple majority (over 50%). -have specific requirements such as 2/3 or 3/4 of a majority.

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Absolute Majority

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-requires that more than half of all members of a body (including those absent and those present but not voting) to vote in order for it to be passed. - A candidate must receive 270 votes to win the Presidency. - means that abstention from voting is equivalent to a no vote.

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Plurality

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- means receiving the largest percentage of the votes.

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12th Amendment

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- mandates that the congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes an declare the winners of the election.

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23rd Amendment

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- Washington D.C. is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state, but no more electors than the least populous state. -least populous state, Wyoming, with 3 electors

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Electoral College

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-consists of the electors appointed by each state who formally elect President and Vice President of the United States. -Since 1964, 538 electors in presidential elections. -example of indirect election -voters of each state(& DC), vote for electors to be authorized constitutional participants in a Presidential election. -538 electors --> 435 representatives and 100 senators, 3 electors allocated to D.C.

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Congressional District Method

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-Maine Nebraska Method -alternative way of distributing electoral votes within a state. - electoral votes are distributed based on the popular vote winner within each of the state's congressional districts, the statewide popular vote winner receives 2 additional electoral votes. - Maine ---> 1972 - Nebraska ----> 1992

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Executive Orders

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-US presidents issue these to help officers and agencies of the executive branch manage the operations within the federal government itself. -have full force of law 90 days after they are admitted into Federal Register. - subject to judicial review -may be struck down if deemed by the courts to be unsupported by statute or constitution. -have significant influence over internal affairs of government. -must find support in the Constitution, either in a clause granting the president specific power, or by a delegation of Congressional power to the president.

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Executive Order 9066

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-Extreme example of executive order -ordered by Franklin Roosevelt - Roosevelt delegated military authority to remove any or all people in a military zone (used to target Japanese Americans and German Americans in certain regions)

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Federal Register

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- office that is responsable for assigning the executive order a sequential number after receipt of the signed original from the White House and printing the text of the executive order in the daily --->. - official journal of federal government of US that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notes. -published daily except on federal holidays. -way government announces changes to government requirements, policies, and regulations. -main source for Us federal gov. agencies to 1. propose new rules and regulations 2. finalize rules 3. change existing rules 4. provide notice of meeting and proceedings 5. record residential documents including executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

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Executive Order 6102

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- extreme example of executive order -Ordered by Franklin Roosevelt - Forbidding the hoarding of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates within the continental United States.

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Emancipation Proclamation

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-most famous executive order that was by Abraham Lincoln January 1, 1863.

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Presidential Proclamations

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-historically viewed as ceremonial or symbolic. - recently used to define situations or conditions on situations where they want to institute a new law or regulation. -carry same force of law as executive orders -difference between the 2 is that executive orders are aimed at those inside government while these are aimed at those outside of government.

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Article 2

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-term executive power in section 1 refers to office of President as executive. -He is instructed therein by the declaration "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" or face impeachment.

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President Directives

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- are considered a form of executive order such as National Security Directives and Homeland Security.

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jeffersonians

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- democratic republican party

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Deomocratic-republican party

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- leaders --> Jefferson and Madsion - Ideal Society - Self-reliant individuals with small government that protects rights - Supported French revolution and alliances with France - Smaller federal government - Narrow interpretation of constitutional powers

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popular sovereignty

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- When the people have the final say and absolute power. - principle that the people are the source of all governmental power.

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filtered consent

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- when the selection of government officials is distanced from direct election by the people in order to protect against mob rule and public whim. Filters include indirect election, time between elections, and size of representative regions.

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single representative districts

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- representational structure where each geographical region elects its one representative independent of outcomes in other regions.

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Hamiltonians

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- federalist party

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Whig Party

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- party fell apart due to internal tension over the expansion of slavery in the territories.

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original consent

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- giving consent to a provision or law the first, such a the ratification of the constitution.

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majority

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- receiving more than 50% of the votes.

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federalist party

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- Leaders - Hamilton and John Adams - Ideal Society - Great empire that would dominate the Western hemisphere and compete with European powers - supported alliances with Great Britain - Powerful federal government - Broad interpretation of constitutional powers

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Republican Party

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- receiving the largest percentage of votes.

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loyal opposition

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-When losers in the political game continue to support the system, even when the system is against their ideology.

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periodic consent

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- giving continuing consent at certain intervals (through means such as elections) to a provision or law to which original consent has already been given.

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plurality

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- largest block of votes cast

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Thomas Jefferson

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-secretary of state to Washington -devoted to the ideal of a society composed of free, self-reliant individuals with a small government to protect their rights. - "yeoman farmers"

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Alexander Hamilton

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-Secretary of War to Washington

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James Madison

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- federalist - 4th president

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George Washington

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- did not sign declaration of independence - fought throughout whole revolutionary war

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John Adams

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- V.P. to Washginton

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Andrew Jackson

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- 7th President of USA

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Preamble and Article 1

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- Article 1 is the legislative branch - 2 compromises that were essential to formation of Union : equal representation of the states in the senate and valuation of a slave as 3/5s of a person. - gives congress power to make laws

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Preamble

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- a clause at the beginning of a constitution or statue that explains the reasons for its passage

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Article 1 Section 1

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- All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a congress of the united states, which shall consist of a Senate and House Representatives. - separation of powers, checks and balances

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Article 1 Section 2

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- HOUSE OF REPS - deals with terms and numbers of years served in federal government. - house of reps-; 25 years+, citizen for 7 years, must be habitant of state which he shall be chosen. - "Qualifications clause" - census, population of states counted every 10 years. - 1 rep per 30,000 people - speaker of reps is highest officer in legislative branch, and is next in line after VP to become President. - have sole power of impeachment

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Article 1 Section 3

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- SENATE - who can be in the senate - 30 years+, 9 year citizen, must be citizen of state he is going for. - senate shall have sole power to try all impeachments

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Article 1 Section 4

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- Times, places, and manner of holding of elections for senators and representatives. -Congress has power to regulate this though. -Congress meets once a year First Monday of Dec.

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Article 1 Section 5

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-Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members - gives each house of congress the power to set its own rules. - Each house of congress can punish, or censure, its members for "disorderly" behavior. - requires 2/3 vote for expulsion - each house keep a journal or official record - when congress is in session, both houses have to coordinate their schedules.

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Article 1 Section 6

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- members of congress are paid by US government, not the state they represent. - gives federal legislators 2 kinds of immunity 1. during session, members of congress are privileged from civil arrest. 2. 2nd involves punishment for remarks made as part of the legislative process. - prevents a member of congress from assuming a federal office that was created during their term - illustrates the constitutional principle of separation of powers.

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Article 1 Section 7

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- describes how a bill will become a law. - includes several example of checks and balances. -Gives President power to veto, legislation passed by congress. - Presentment clause ----> ensures that the president participates in the legislative process, whether or not the law in question is labeled a bill or a resolution.

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Article Section 8

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- sets forth the enumerated powers of the Congress, those that are specifically listed as belonging to the national government. - Congress may also exercise implied powers, which can be inferred from the enumerated powers, such as to draft people into the armed services as part of raising an army. -National government has inherent powers, which stem from a nations sovereignty and do not have to be granted by the constitution. These powers include regulating immigration and conducting foreign affairs.

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Article 1 Section 9

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- Lists limitations on the power of congress. -Forbids congress to ban the importation of slaves before 1808. -Congress did ban the importation of slaves in 1808 but it did not restrict the domestic slave trade. - Does not allow habeas corpus to be suspended during times of rebellion or invasion.

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Article 1 Section 10

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- Sets forth limits on the powers of the states.

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separation of powers

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the constitutional doctrine of dividing governmental power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches

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checks and balances

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the constitutional doctrine in which each branch of government shares some of the powers of the other branches in order to limit their actions

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reapportionment

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the process by which congress allocates the number of representatives for each state, based on changes in the census. - wesberry vs. Sanders

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redistricting

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the process by which each state draws the boundaries of its congressional districts, according to the number of representatives allocated by Congress.

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gerrymandering

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when state legislatures draw oddly shaped congressional districts in or der to preserve the political power of the majority party.

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quorum

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the number of members in a group required to be present to carry out official business

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filibuster

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unlimited and often irrelevant debate on a bill designed to prevent a vote on its passage

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cloture

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a procedural motion to end debate on a bill

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conference committee

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a joint committee of both house of congress that proposes compromise legislation when there are disagreements on bills.

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veto

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the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress

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pocket veto

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the power of the President to prevent passage of a bill by refusing to sign it during an adjournment of Congress

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line item veto

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the power to reject specific provisions in a law without defeating the entire bill

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legislative veto

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the practice by which congress voids actions of executive branch agencies or officials.

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enumerated powers

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the powers of the national government specifically listed in the constitution

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implied powers

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those powers not specifically listed in the constitution that can be inferred from the enumerated powers

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inherent powers

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those powers that belong to the government of a sovereign state

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duties

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taxes on imports

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imposts

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taxes on imports or general taxes

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excises

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taxes on domestic consumption of goods and services

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letters of marque and reprisal

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authorization to attack the shipping of an enemy state without being punished as a pirate

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habeas corpus

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a court order directing that an officer who has custody of a prisoner show cause why the prisoner is being held

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bill of attainder

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a legislative act that punishes a person without a trial

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ex post facto laws

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those that criminalize actions after the fact

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direct taxes

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most commonly, taxes based on the value of land, as opposed to those based on privileges or uses.

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executive privilege

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doctrine that the president does not have to share certain information with Congress or the judiciary

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cabinet

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the president's selected advisors, usually consisting of the heads of the executive departments

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bureaucracy

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-a large and complex administrative organization - is employees of the executive branch are collectively known as.

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advice and consent

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the constitutional power of the Senate to approve treaties and presidential appointments

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