question

More demonstrations occurred in __________ than any other year during this time period.

answer

1965 (The year the Voting Rights Act was passed by congress)

question

At the peak of the civil rights movement, there were about _______ demonstrations in the United States.

answer

400

question

Civil rights advocates shifted their focus away from public accommodations to voting rights after 1964 because

answer

the Civil Rights Act was passed by Congress.

question

Which of the following statements is true?

answer

Both "In the early 1960's civil rights advocates were focused on public accommodations" and "in the mid-1960's, civil rights advocates were focused on voting" are true.

question

The case involving the death of the Florida teen Trayvon Martin serves as an example of ________ discrimination in modern America.

answer

*de facto*. (Unwritten, non-legislated)

question

Which national monument was the final destination of the March on Washington?

answer

Lincoln Memorial

question

Which president was considered "bold" at the time for publicly supporting equality for all Americans?

answer

Kennedy

question

Between 1960 and 2010, what was the increase in percentage of women who were college students?

answer

17 percent

question

Between 1979 and 2012, the wage gap was nearly

answer

cut in half.

question

In 1960, what was the percentage of female members in state legislatures?

answer

0%

question

Which demographic group had the largest wage gap between male and female workers?

answer

Asian Americans

question

Which demographic group had the smallest wage gap between male and female workers?

answer

Latino

question

What level of scrutiny does the Supreme Court typically use in cases related to sex and gender discrimination?

answer

Intermediate scrutiny

question

What Supreme Court case first restricted the use of racial quotas in university admissions?

answer

University of California v. Bakke

question

In Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), the Supreme Court ruled that the University of Michigan Law School's affirmative action policy was

answer

constitutional, since race was used only as a plus factor and not a quota.

question

What was accomplished by the 1947 Mendez v. Westminster case?

answer

the overturning of school segregation in Orange County

question

What was the Supreme Court's response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875?

answer

It declared the act unconstitutional because the Constitution protects only against acts of private discrimination, not state discrimination.

question

Segregation or discriminatory practices that occur even when there is not explicit legal enforcement, such as school segregation in much of the United States today, is called ______ segregation.

answer

de facto

question

Which constitutional amendment guaranteed voting rights for African American men?

answer

Fifteenth Amendment

question

How did the Legal Defense Fund of the NAACP change its strategy in 1948?

answer

It bean to attack the "separate but equal" rule directly.

question

Which agency hears claims of discrimination brought under the Americans with disabilities Act?

answer

EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)

question

Laws passed in the 1970's make it more difficult for banks to engage in redlining, which is the practice of

answer

refusing to lend money for housing mortgages for entire neighborhoods.

question

Under the 1965 Voting Rights Act, prior to 2013, what criteria was used for determining which voting jurisdictions needed federal preclearance before changing their voting laws or practices?

answer

Past history of voting discrimination

question

The Seneca Falls declaration addressed civil rights for which group?

answer

Women

question

How did the 1980's Burger Court treat gender discrimination?

answer

It made it easier for plaintiffs to file and win suits on the basis of gender discrimination.

question

Which was the most important pre-1954 case because it addressed racial discrimination in housing and property ownership?

answer

Shelley v. Kraemer

question

The Federal government filed more than 400 antidiscrimination suits in federal courts against hotels, restaurants, taverns, gas stations, and other "public accommodations" as a result of the

answer

1964 Civil Rights Act.

question

Southern Government officials used gerrymandering to

answer

dilute African American voting power through the drawing of district lines

question

In which of the following ways did the Liberty Party and Free Soil party differ?

answer

The Liberty Party was staunchly abolitionist, and the Free Soil Party was more moderately antislavery.

question

Since the publication of the Pentagon Papers, the national news media have

answer

relentlessly investigated the personal and official wrongdoing of public officials

question

What is the most important core value for liberals?

answer

Equality

question

The religiously unaffiliated tend to be politically

answer

Liberal.

question

Political socialization is the process through which

answer

political beliefs and values are formed.

question

Family provides most people with their ____ to politics.

answer

initial orientation

question

Online social networks such as Facebook and Twitter

answer

likely increase the role of peers in shaping public opinion.

question

If you prefer smaller government, you are probably a

answer

conservative.

question

Selection bias occurs when a sample ____ some opinions.

answer

overrepresents or underrepresents

question

when using a simple random sample,

answer

every individual in a population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent.

question

A push poll might include a question with which of the following?

answer

Do you think it was appropriate for President Bush to lie to start a war with Iraq?

question

Which of the following values or outcomes would likely be opposed by most Americans?

answer

equality of income

question

Political scientists Richard Lau and David Redlawsk argue that most public opinion is formed through

answer

cues from political elites.

question

Which of the following was a conclusion made by political scientist Milton Lodge and colleagues about individual formation of public opinion?

answer

Many individuals are politically informed but lack memory of some of the facts used to form their opinions.

question

What prompted the South's general move form the Democratic to the Republican camp during the 1960's?

answer

opposition to the Democratic Party's racial integration policies

question

What is an impact of increasing polarization between the parties in the United States?

answer

Party endorsements have a larger impact on public opinion formation.

question

According to _____, the average American exhibits little knowledge of political institutions, processes, or leaders.

answer

recent studies by political scientists.

question

In contrast to a value, an attitude refers to

answer

a specific view about a particular issue, person, or event.

question

The government bailout of banks in 2008 offers an example of governmental policy

answer

that contradicts popular public opinion.

question

The Establishment Clause

answer

With Government will never establish an official religion (Although this country was founded on JudaChristian Values)

question

Free Exercise Clause

answer

Guarantees citizens' rights to believe and practice whatever religion he or she chooses (Sometimes exemptions are granted)

question

Protected Speech

answer

The Truth, Political Speech, Symbolic Speech

question

Unprotected Speech

answer

Libel and Slander must be true *and* also cause harm

question

Obscenity

answer

Something that lacks serious scientific, artistic, educational, or moral value; set by local community standards

question

Fighting Words

answer

Insight someone to violence; you cannot harass others or start screaming at them. This is, or would be known as, disorderly conduct.

question

First Amendment

answer

Freedom of Press, Religion, Assembly, to make demands upon the government, speech.

question

Elements of Second Amendment

answer

"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."

question

Elements of the Fourth Amendment

answer

"The Right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probably cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."

question

Elements of the Fifth Amendment

answer

Right to an attorney, prevention of double jeopardy ; eminent domain, cannot be forced to be a witness against themselves; *No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime*, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger.

question

Eighth Amendment

answer

No excessive bail shall be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

question

Thirteenth Amendment

answer

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

question

Fourteenth Amendment

answer

All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. No persons shall be a Senator, Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. The united states will not pay for your slaves.

question

Fifteenth Amendment

answer

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

question

Nineteenth Amendment

answer

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

question

Twenty-sixth Amendment

answer

The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.

question

De Jure

answer

"Of Right, by right, according to law"

question

Jim Crow Laws

answer

Criminalized interracial marriage expand segregation of public places discriminate against African Americans

question

Women s exclusion from political participation in the antislavery movement gave birth to the modern women's movement, which first met at

answer

Seneca Falls in 1848.

question

Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

answer

Called for women's legal and social independence from men and the right to vote.

question

Smith v. Allwright (1944)

answer

The court deemed Texas's use of "white primary" elections unconstituional

question

Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)

answer

The Court ruled against the race-based "restrictive covenants" in housing

question

Brown v. Board of Education

answer

Separate but equal is inherently unequal. withdraw constitutional authority for states to use race as a criterion of exclusion in law, provided the national government with the power to intervene by exercising strict regulatory policies against discriminatory actions.

question

Consequences of Brown

answer

*(A)* Began a slow process of school desegregation that was often met with resistance from state & local government. *(B)* Sparked greater resolve for a growing civil rights movement that would use social protest to press for political change. *(C)* It led to important ongressional actions, particularly the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act.

American National Government (Test 2) – Flashcards

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