Speech Final (CH 11-14) – Flashcards
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Addition
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The articulation error that involves adding extra parts to words
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Articulation
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The process of pronouncing all the necessary parts of a word
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Attitude
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The predisposition to respond to an idea, person or thing favorably or unfavorably
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Audience analysis
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A consideration of characteristics, including the type, goals, demographics, beliefs, attitudes and values of listeners
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Belief
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An underlying conviction about the truth of an idea, often based on cultural training
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Database
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A computerized collection of information that can be searched in a variety of ways to locate information that the user is seeking
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Debilitating communication apprehension
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An intense level of anxiety about speaking before an audience, resulting in poor performance
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Deletion
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An articulation error that involves leaving off parts of words
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Demographics
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Audience characteristics that can be analyzed statistically, such as age, gender, education, and group membership
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Extemporaneous speech
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A speech that is planned in advance but presented in a direct, conversational manner
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Facilitative communication apprehension
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A moderate level of anxiety about speaking before an audience that helps improve the speaker's performance
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Fallacy of approval
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The irrational belief that it is vital to win the approval of virtually every person a communicator deals with
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Fallacy of catastrophic failure
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The irrational belief that the worst possible outcome will probably occur
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Fallacy of overgeneralization
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Irrational beliefs in which conclusions are based on limited evidence or communicators exaggerate their short commings
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Fallacy of perfection
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The irrational belief that a worthwhile communicator should be able to handle every situation with complete confidence and skill
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General purpose
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One of the three basic ways a speaker seeks to affect an audience: to entertain, inform or persuade
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Impromptu speech
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A speech given "off the top of one's head," without preparation
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Irrational thinking
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Beliefs that have no basis in reality or logic; one source of debilitative communication apprehension
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Manuscript speech
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A speech that is read word for word from a prepared text
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Memorized speech
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A speech learned and delivered by rote without written text
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Pitch
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The highness or lowness of one's voice
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Purpose statement
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A complete sentence that describes precisely what a speaker wants to accomplish
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Rate
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The speed at which a speaker utters words
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Slurring
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The articulation error that involves overlapping the end of one word with the beginning of the next
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Specific purpose
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The precise effect that the speaker wants to have on an audience. It is expressed in the form of a purpose statement
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Substitution
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The articulation error that involves replacing part of a word with an incorrect sound
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Survey research
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Information gathering in which the responses of a sample of a population are collected to disclose information about the larger group
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Thesis statement
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A complete sentence describing the central idea of a speech
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Value
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A deeply rooted belief about a concept's inherent worth
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Visualization
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A technique for behavior rehearsal that involves imagining the successful completion of the task
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Analogy
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An extended comparison that can be used as supporting material in a speech
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Anecdote
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A brief, personal story used to illustrate or support a point in a speech
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Basic speech structure
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The division of a speech into introduction, body and conclusion
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Cause-effect pattern
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An organizing plan for a speech that demonstrates how one or more events result in another event or events
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Citation
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A brief statement of supporting material in a speech
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Climax pattern
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An organizing plan for a speech that builds ideas to the point of maximum interest or tension
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Conclusion
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The final structural unit of a speech, in which the main points are reviewed and final remarks are made to motivate the audience to act or help listeners remember key ideas
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Example
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A specific case that is used to demonstrate a general idea
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Formal outline
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A consistent format and set of symbols used to identify the structure of ideas
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Hypothetical example
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An example that asks an audience to imagine an object or event
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Introduction
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The first structural unit of a speech in which the speaker captures the audience's attention and previews the main points to be covered
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Narration
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The presentation of speech supporting material as a story with a beginning, middle and end
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Problem solution pattern
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An organizing pattern for a speech that describes and unsatisfactory state of affairs and the proposes a plan to remedy the problem
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Space pattern
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An organizing plan in a speech that arranges points according to their physical location
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Statistic
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Numbers arranged or organized to show how a fact or principle is true for a large percentage of cases
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Testimony
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Supporting material that proves or illustrates a point by citing an authoritative source
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Time pattern
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An organizing plan for a speech based on chronology
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Topic pattern
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An organizing plan for a speech that arranges points according to logical types or categories
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Transition
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A phrase that connects idea in a speech by showing how one relates to the other
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Working outline
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A constantly changing organizational aid used in planning a speech
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Audience involvement
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The level of commitment and attention that listeners devote to a speech
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Audience participation
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Listener activity during a speech; a technique to increase audience involvement
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Bar chart
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A visual aid that compares two or more values by showing them as elongated horizontal rectangles
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Column chart
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A visual aid that compares two or more values by showing them as elongated vertical rectangles
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Description
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A type of speech that uses details to create a "word picture" of the essential factors that make that thing what it is
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Diagram
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A line drawing that shows the most important components of an object
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Explanations
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Speeches or presentations that clarify ideas an concepts already known but not understood by an audience
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Information anxiety
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The psychological stress that occurs when dealing with too much information
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Information hunger
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Audience desire, created by a speaker, to learn information
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Information overload
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The decline in efficiency that occurs when the rate of complexity of material is too great to manage
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Informative purpose statement
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A complete statement of the objective of a speech, worded to stress audience knowledge and/or ability
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Instructions
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Remarks that teach something to an audience in a logical, step by step manner
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Knowledge
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The understanding acquired by making sense of the raw material of information
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Line chart
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A visual aid consisting of a grid that maps out the direction of a trend by plotting a series of points
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Model
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A replica of an object being discussed. It is usually used when it would be difficult or impossible to use the actual object
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Number chart
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A visual aid that lists numbers in tabular form in order to clarify information
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pictogram
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A visual aid that conveys its meaning through an image of an actual object
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Pie chart
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A visual aid that divides a circle into wedges, representing percentages of the whole
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Signpost
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A phrase that emphasizes the importance of upcoming material in a speech
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Visual aids
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Graphic devices used in a speech to illustrate or support ideas
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Vocal citation
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A simple concise spoken statement of the source of your evidence
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Word chart
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A visual aid that lists words or terms in tabular from in order to clarify information
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Actutate
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To move members of an audience towards a specific behavior
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Ad hominem fallacy
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A fallacious argument that attacks the integrity of a person to weaken his or her position
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Anchor
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The position supported by audience members before a persuasion attempt
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Argumentum ad populum fallacy
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Fallacious reasoning based on the dubious notion that because many people favor an idea, you should too
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Argumentum ad verecundiam fallacy
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Fallacious reasoning that tries to support a belief by relying on the tesitmony of someone who is not an authority on the issue being argued
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Convincing
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A speech goal that aims at changing audience members' beliefs, values, or attitudes
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Credibility
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The believability of a speaker or other source of information
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Direct persuasion
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Persuasion that does not try to hide or disguise the speaker's persuasive purpose
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Either or fallacy
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Fallacious reasoning that sets up false alternatives, suggesting that if the inferior one must be rejected, then the other must be accepted
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Emotional evidence
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Evidence that arouses emotional reactions in an audience
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Ethical persuasion
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Persuasion in an audience's best interest that does not depend on false or misleading information to induce change in that audience
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Ethos
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A speaker's credibility or ethical appeal
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Evidence
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Material used to prove a point, such as testimony, statistics and examples
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Fallacy
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An error in logic
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Indirect persuasion
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Persuasion that disguises or deemphasizes the speaker's persuasive goal
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Latitude of acceptance
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In social judgement theory, statements that a receiver would not reject
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Latitude of noncommitment
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In social judgement theory, statements that a receiver would not care strongly about one way or another
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Latitude of rejection
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In social judgement theory, statements that a receiver could not possibly accept
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Logos
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A speaker's use of logical arguments to appeal to an audience's sense of reasoning
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Motivated sequence
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A five-step plan used in persuasive speaking; also known as Monroe's Motivated Sequence
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Pathos
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A speaker's use of emotional appeals to persuade an audience
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Persuasion
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The act of motivating a listener, through communication, to change a particular belief, attitude, value behavior
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Post hoc fallacy
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Fallacious reasoning that mistakenly assumes that one event causes another because the occur sequentially
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Proposition of fact
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A claim bearing on issue in which there are two or more sides of conflicting factual evidence
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Proposition of policy
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A claim bearing on issue that involves adopting or rejecting a specific course of action
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Proposition of value
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A claim bearing on issue involving the worth of some idea, person or object
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Reductio ad absurdum fallacy
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Fallacious reasoning that unfairly attacks an argument by extending it to such extreme lengths that it looks ridiculous
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Social judgement theory
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An explanation of attitude change that posits that opinions will change only in small increments and only when the target opinions lie within the receiver's latitudes of acceptance and non-commitment
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Target audience
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That part of an audience that must be influenced in order to achieve a persuasive goal
