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Speech Delivery

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There are four basic types of delivery: extemporaneous, impromptu, manuscript, and memorized. Each type creates a different impression and is appropriate under different conditions.

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Speech Anxiety

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The terror that strikes in speakers at the mere thought of giving a speech. Also known as stage fright.

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Motivated Sequence

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A five-step persuasive organizational pattern created by Alan Monroe. Used by Roosevelt, Kennedy, King, and Reagan Also used by all commercials from television and radio

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Step 1: Attention

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The attention step draws attention to your subject Speaker must gain the audience's favorable attention Use of an effective introduction will make the audience want to listen to the speech "I want to listen."

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Step 2: Need

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The need step establishes the problem Two types of "need" may be established Need to change Need to preserve the status quo Statements, illustrations, ramifications, and pointing all may be used to develop this step.

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Step 3: Satisfaction

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The satisfaction step proposes a solution The speaker presents the solution to the need. Statements, explanations, theoretical demonstrations, practical experiences, and meeting objections can all be used to develop this step.

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Step 4: Visualization

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The visualization step describes the results of the solution The speaker intensifies the audience's reaction by projecting them into the future Positive method: audience will enjoy the positive effects of the solution if enacted Negative method: audience will feel the negative consequences of not enacting the solution. Method of contrast: show negative then positive

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Step 5: Action

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The action step is a direct appeal for the audience to do something Speaker wants audience to commit themselves to doing, believing, or feeling what you want them to do, believe, or feel. An effective conclusion that includes a summary and closure (call to action, quote, statement of personal intention)

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Ethos

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Speaker credibility Most significant aspect of persuasion? Competence: expertise, experience, commitment, research Dynamism (charisma): enthusiasm and energy Largely nonverbal Most significant aspect of credibility Character: trustworthiness, honesty, reliability, dependability Co-orientation: common ground Credibility is a function of the relationship a speaker creates with the audience.

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Pathos

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Emotional appeals Emotional appeals: Speakers need to tap into audience needs, fears, desires, values, etc. Emotional appeals reinforce persuasive impact But are not a substitute for evidence and reasoning in an ethical speech!

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Logos

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Logical appeals (evidence and reasoning) Evidence: supporting material Is enough provided? Sources credible? Reasoning: ways of putting together and drawing conclusions from evidence Are fallacies avoided?

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Rhetoric

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The art of finding the available means of persuasion.

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Monroe's Motivated Sequence

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An ideal way to organize a persuasive (or any other type) of speech. Follows the natural human thought process Frequently used by professional speakers and advertisers

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Monroe's Primary Motives

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Self preservation and physical well-being Freedom from external restraint Preservation and increase of self-esteem Preservation of the human race

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Your specific purpose statement should be result-oriented, specific, and realistic

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True

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Monroe's Motivated Sequence is a variation of a problem-solution speech order that is broken down into five steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

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True

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Your speech's conclusion should contain a summary of your main points or most important points

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True

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Someone reading the formal outline of your speech should be able to clearly understand your basic ideas

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True

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Telling your audience about any personal experience you have had with your topic, especially in your introduction, damages your professionalism and should be avoided

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False

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Being well-prepared helps establish your credibility as a speaker

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True

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Creating a concrete image for statistics will strengthen their impact on the audience

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True

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Your speaking notes should be the same as your formal outline

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False

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Example

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A specific case used to demonstrate an idea

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Thesis

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The central idea of your speech

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Specific Purpose

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What you want your speech to accomplish

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General Purpose

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One of the way a speaker seeks to affect an audience: to entertain, inform, and persuade

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Hypothetical Example

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Example that asks an audience to imagine an object or event

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Anecdotes

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A brief personal story used to illustrate or support a point in a speech.

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Values

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Deeply rooted feelings about the worth or worthiness of an idea

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Transitions

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Words or phrases that connect ideas

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Demographics

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Age, gender, and economic status are examples of this

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Analogy

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An extended comparison

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Memorized speeches are usually the most effective type

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False

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Eye contact is likely the most important aspect of your nonverbal delivery

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True

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A certain amount of speech anxiety may actually be helpful to a speaker

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True

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Handouts should usually be given to the audience at the beginning of your speech

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False

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Concentrating on your audience and their needs, rather than on your own feelings, may help you reduce anxiety

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True

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It is a good idea to test electronic media prior to your speech, preferably in the room where you will be presenting

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True

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Every single important point and sub-point on your outline should appear on your Powerpoint slides

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False

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The highest level of speech anxiety occurs right at the end of your speech

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False

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The most common delivery style either inside or outside of the classroom is extemporaneous

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True

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The beliefs we have about certain events, rather than those events themselves, may be the primary cause of our anxieties

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True

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Extemporaneous

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A speech that is planned in advance but presented in a direct, conversational manner

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Impromptu

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A spontaneous, unprepared speech delivery

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Fallacy of perfection

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Expecting that you can and should deliver a flawless presentation

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Fallacy of approval

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The irrational belief that it is vital to win the approval of virtually every person a communicator deals with

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Fallacy of catastrophic

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If anything bad can happen, it probably will

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Articulation

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Pronouncing all necessary parts of a word

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Pitch

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The highness or lowness of one's voice

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Visualization

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Imagining the successful completion of a task

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Pictogram

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A visual aid that conveys its meaning through an image of an actual object

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Memorized Speech

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A speech learned and delivered by rote without a written text

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Manuscript Speech

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A speech that is read word for word from a prepared text

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A speaker giving an informative speech intends to change the attitudes of the audience

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False

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Repetition is an effective way to help people understand and remember information

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True

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Quoting your English professor as part of your effort to prove your position on the need to adopt a vegan diet is an example of the ad populum fallacy

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False

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People's attitudes do not usually change instantly or dramatically, so persuasive speakers should carefully consider their speech's goals in order to achieve incremental changes

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True

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Credibility exists as a perception in the minds of the audience, rather than as an objective fact

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True

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Target audience

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Part of the audience the speaker is focusing on in order to achieve his/her goal

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Post hoc fallacy

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Results from assuming that one event causes another because the events occur sequentially

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either-or-fallacy

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Fallacious reasoning that sets up false alternatives, suggesting that if the inferior one must be rejected, then the other must be accepted

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Ad hominem fallacy

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Fallacious reasoning that attacks the integrity of a person to weaken his or her position.

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Charisma

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The audience's perception of your enthusiasm and likability

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Character

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The audience's perception of your honesty and impartiality

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Competence

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Speaker's expertise on a topic

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Impromptu Speech

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Advantages: Makes you think on your feet, and organize your thoughts quickly. Also necessary for informal talks, group discussions, and comments on other's speeches. Flexible, relaxed, and natural conversational style Disadvantages: No preparation and have to think off the top of one's head. Research not possible, planning and organization may be weak, wording, and vocalized pauses

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Manuscript Speech

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Advantage: Necessary for speaking for the record, legal proceedings, or presenting scientific findings, research possible, permits careful organization and wording, can fit into a precise time period, and virtually enhance. Disadvantage: Lack of spontaneity, eye contact, sound stilted, little chance to adapt to audience feedback, difficult to deliver effectively and boring!

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Memorized Speech

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Advantage: Learned by heart, and used for oratory contests and training devices for memory. Research possible, eye contact, precise organization and wording, and move as possible. Disadvantage: Most difficult speech form, least effective, and too much excessive formality, relying on memory, still sounds artificial, and little opportunity to adapt to audience feed.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Extemporaneuous Speech

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Advantage: Planned in advance, conversational style of delivery, research and careful organization possible, speaker can adapt to audience feedback, memorization not necessary, rehearsal reduces anxiety and improves speaker's familiarity with the material. Disadvantage: More difficult to time precise, may stumble over words, may forget some part, and speaker will not be "perfect"

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Fallacy of Overgeneralization

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Irrational beliefs in which (1) conclusions (usually negative) are based on limited evidence or (2) communicators exaggerate their shortcomings

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Steps to Overcome Speech Anxiety

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1) Use nervousness to your advantage 2) Understand the difference between rational and irrational fears 3) Maintain a receiver orientation 4) Keep a positive attitude 5)Be prepared!

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Audience Analysis

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Assess your audience's: Needs Current attitudes and beliefs about topic Level of knowledge Attitude toward speaker and circumstances

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Demographics for Speech Preparation

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Through observation and questions Through demographics - easily Identifiable audience characteristics: Age Ethnicity Gender Culture Education Group membership Economic level Religion Occupation Geography

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Effective Use of Supporting Materials and College Level Research

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Support materials include examples, illustrations, anecdotes, narratives, statistics, definitions, descriptions, comparisons and contrasts, analogies, quotations, visual aids... Personal experience Adds to credibility Not sufficient to persuade Interviews and surveys Credible, authoritative sources only Organizations Non-profits Primary purpose education and research Also found on Internet - may be a good place to begin research Print sources Books, magazines, journals, newspapers The college library: databases Articles accessible both on and off campus Assistance available Library databases are NOT Internet sources - they are credible, scholarly materials - and should usually be the first place you look

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Introductions

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Probably the most important part of your speech! Your first impression on the audience An effective introduction MUST Lead audience into topic Capture audience's attention Enhance speaker's credibility Effective introductions include Questions - direct or rhetorical Anecdotes Quotation Startling fact or statistic Pointing Reference to occasion or audience Dramatic device

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Transitions for Speech Delivery

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Words or phrases that connect your introduction, main points, and conclusion Must be planned ahead! Especially those that help introduce your visual aids and verbal footnotes Use previews and internal summaries

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Outlining

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Organization is crucial for speeches Outlining is crucial for organization One draft won't do it! Some degree of repetition and restatement will be necessary in a speech.

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Visual Aids (Powerpoint)

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Visual aids help the speaker emphasize, key points clarify the message, and keep the audience interested. Visual aids help the audience understand and remember the message Visual aids help make giving a speech easier! Visual aids must be visual (able to be easily seen) NEVER pass anything around the room! Aim for professionalism Avoid using chalk board or white board Avoid using overly complex aids Avoid distracting audience Use only when needed Distribute handouts after your presentation Come prepared -check location Rehearse with aids

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Conclusion

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Your last and possibly most enduring impression Must provide a sense of closure Summarize and re-emphasize main points Do not use conclusion to introduce new facts or ideas Effective conclusions include Questions, quotes, anecdotes, etc. Reference to introduction Appeal to action Emotional appeal End on a positive note!

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Argumentum ad verecundiam fallacy

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Fallacious reasoning that tries to support a belief by relying on the testimony of someone who is not an authority on the issue being argued

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Argumentum ad populum fallacy

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Fallacious reasoning based on the dubious notion that because many people favor an idea, you should, too.

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Fallacy

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An error in logic

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Reductio ad absurdum fallacy

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Fallacious reasoning that unfairly attacks an argument by extending it to such extreme lengths that it looks ridiculous

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