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Responsible for relaying information from the sensory receptors to proper areas of the brain where it can be processed Location: Part of the forebrain, below the corpus callosum -If this part of the brain is damaged, all sensory information would not be processed and sensory confusion would result.

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Thalamus

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Function:Carries out and regulates life sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate Location: Lower part of the brain stem -The _____ is easily the most important part of the brain. It's functions are involuntary, or done without thought. We would not be able to live without the ____ because of the myriad of crucial tasks it performs including regulating blood pressure and breathing. As a part of the brain stem, it also helps transfer neural messages from the brain to the spinal cord.

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Medulla

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Function: Responsible for balance and coordination of muscles and the body Location: Lower area of the brain, below the pons - It is extremely important for being able to perform everyday voluntary (done with purpose and intent) tasks such as walking and writing. It is also essential to being able to stay balanced and upright. Patients who have suffered from damaged ______ often struggle with keeping their balance and maintaining proper muscle coordination.

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Cerebellum

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Function: Responsible for behaviors such as hunger and thirst, as well as the maintenance of body temperature Location: Above the pituitary gland and below the thalamus -The ______ is mainly responsibly for motivational behavior. It is the reason we know when we are hungry or thirsty. The ______ also helps our body maintain a constant temperature. This part of the brain also controls the pituitary gland, which is the master gland that controls all the other endocrine glands in the body. Thus, the _______ plays a key role in connecting the endocrine system with the nervous system

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Hypothalamus

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Function: Responsible for the response and memory of emotions, especially fear Location: Part of Limbic System, at the end of the hippocampus -When you think of the _____, you should think of one word. Fear. The_____ is the reason we are afraid of things outside our control. It also controls the way we react to certain stimuli, or an event that causes an emotion, that we see as potentially threatening or dangerous.

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Amygdala

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Function: Responsible for processing of long term memory and emotional responses Location: Part of the Limbic system, in each temporal lobe -It not only assists with the storage of long term memories, but is also responsible for the memory of the location of objects or people. We would not even be able to remember where our house is without the work of the _____

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Hippocampus

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Function: Connects upper and lower parts of the brain Location: Area of the hindbrain that sits directly above the medulla -The _____ serves as a message station between several areas of the brain. It helps relay messages from the cortex and the cerebellum. Without the ____, the brain would not be able to function because messages would not be able to be transmitted, or passed along. It also plays a key role in sleep and dreaming, where REM sleep, or the sleeping state where dreaming is most likely to occur, has been proven to originate here, in the _____

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Pons

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Functions: Responsible for control of the left side of the body, and is the more artistic and creative side of the brain

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Right Hemisphere

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Functions: Responsible for control of the right side of the body, and is the more academic and logical side of the brain

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Left Hemisphere

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Function: Connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain Location: Above the Thalamus, under the cortex -The _____ ______ is the part of the mind that allows communication between the two hemispheres of the brain. It is responsible for transmitting neural messages between both the right and left hemispheres.

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Corpus Callosum

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Function: Responsible for thinking and processing information from the five senses Location: Outermost layer of the brain -The ___________ is made up of tightly packed neurons and is the wrinkly, outermost layer that surrounds the brain. It is also responsible for higher thought processes including speech and decision making . The ____ is divided into four different lobes, the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital, which are each responsible for processing different types of sensory information.

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Cerebral Cortex

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Function: Carries out higher mental processes such as thinking, decision making, and planning associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving Location: Front and upper area of the cortex You use your_____ lobe nearly everyday. You use it to make decisions, such as what to eat or drink for breakfast in the morning, as well as for thinking or studying for a test. The ____ lobe is also where our personality is formed and where we can carry out higher mental processes such as planning. In addition, the _____ lobe is necessary to being able to speak fluently (without fault) and meaningfully.

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Frontal Lobe

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Function: Processes sensory information that had to do with taste, temperature, and touch associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli Location: Upper, back part of the cortex The _____ lobe carries out some very specific functions. As a part of the cortex, it has a lot of responsibilities and has to be able to process sensory information within seconds. The ____ lobe is where information such as taste, temperature and touch are integrated, or processed. Humans would not be able to to feel sensations of touch, if the _____ lobe was damaged.

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Parietal Lobe

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Function: Responsible for processing auditory information from the ears (hearing) associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech Location: Bottom middle part of cortex, right behind the temples The _____ Lobe mainly revolves around hearing and selective listening. It receives sensory information such as sounds and speech from the ears. It is also key to being able to comprehend, or understand meaningful speech. In fact, we would not be able to understand someone talking to us, if it wasn't for the ______ lobe. This lobe is special because it makes sense of the all the different sounds and pitches (different types of sound) being transmitted from the sensory receptors of the ears.

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Temporal Lobe

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Function: Responsible for processing visual information from the eyes associated with visual processing Location: Bottom, back part of the cortex -The _____ lobe is important to being able to correctly understand what your eyes are seeing. These lobes have to be very fast to process the rapid information that our eyes are sending. If our _____ lobe was impaired, or injured we would not be able to correctly process visual signals, thus visual confusion would result.

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Occipital Lobe

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Branch-like fibers that extend from sensory receptors or other neurons

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Dendrites

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Long extended fibers, which the neural impulse travels through (ex:spinal cord)

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Axon

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Cell body that contains the nucleus & DNA -integrates info & passes signals to axon

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Soma

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Swollen bulb-like structures that contain neurotransmitters to send messages to the other nearby cells

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Terminal Buttons

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Carries messages from body's tissues & ___ receptors inward to your spinal cord and brain for processing - Type of neuron

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Sensory

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Transmits impulses from the brain and spinal cord to use the muscles & organs -Type of neuron

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Motor sensory

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CNS neurons that internally communicate with one another and intervene between the sensory inputs and the motor output in the spinal cord Reflex action -Type of neuron

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Interneurons

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-These cells hold neurons in place -Guide neurons to proper location in development -Dispose of cellular waste -Isolate the axons of some neurons (myelin sheath) to increase the speed of transmissions

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Glial Cells

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the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

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Neurons

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level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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Threshold

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Brain and spinal cord controls most functions of the body and mind. The brain is the center of our thoughts, the interpreter of our external environment, and the origin of control over body movement. processing center for the nervous system receives information from and sends information to the peripheral nervous system

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Central nervous system

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Flight or flight responce -highblood pressure, heart rate, enhances our smell

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Sympathetic

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Relaxation response (Yoga, deep breathing)

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Parasympathetic

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The 2 Parts of the Nervous System

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Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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____ system connects the central nervous system to environmental stimuli to gather sensory input and create motor output. divided into two major parts: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

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Peripheral Nervous System

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consists of peripheral nerve fibers that send sensory information to the central nervous system AND motor nerve fibers that project to skeletal muscle. Reflex

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Somatic Nervous System

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regulates the functions of our internal organs such as the heart, stomach and intestines. The _______ is part of the peripheral nervous system and it also controls some of the muscles within the body. We are often unaware of the _____ because it functions involuntary and reflexively. For example, we do not notice when blood vessels change size or when our heart beats faster. However, some people can be trained to control some functions of the ______ such as heart rate or blood pressure.

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autonomic nervous system

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A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon - a neural impulse

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Action Potential

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The gap between 1 neuron and another

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Synape

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Ex: serotonin, dopamine endorphin, natural pain reliever (runners high)

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neurotransmitter

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the bodys slow chemical communication system; a set of glans that secrete hormones into the bloodsteam -These molecules called hormones are produced in various glands around the body

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Endocrine System

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endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the kidneys. the outer part of the gland—produces hormones that are vital to life, such as cortisol (which helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress) and aldosterone (which helps control blood pressure).

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Adrenal glands

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often called the master gland because it controls several other hormone glands in your body, including the thyroid and adrenals, the ovaries and testicles.

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Pituitary Glands

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Neural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs For example, if I touch something hot the ____ endings in my finger get 'irritated' and send a message (impulse) back to my brain to say 'Ouch!'

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Nerve

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-bundled together to create nerves -basic building block of the nervous system -individual cell -found in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral system -conduct nerve impulses

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Neuron

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a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee jerk responce receptor senses stimuli that carries to the sensory neuron to the spinal cord. From there is is passed via interneurons to motor neurons that lead to the muscles

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reflex

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The process in which the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitters

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reuptake

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Enables muscle action, learning, and memory

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acetylcholine

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Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

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dopamine

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Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

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serotonin

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Helps control alertness and arousal

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norepinephrine

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A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

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GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

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Natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

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endorphins

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stem-like part of the base of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord.Z

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Brain stem

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A system is a complex set of structures that lies on both sides of the thalamus, just under the cerebrum. It includes the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and several other nearby areas. It appears to be primarily responsible for our emotional life, and has a lot to do with the formation of memories.

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Limbic system

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Speech production and articulation Wernicke's Area also is involved in language comprehension, in motor-related activities associated with hand movements, and in sensorimotor learning and integration. it helps in movements required to produce speech. located in the frontal lobe.

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Brocas Area

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it helps you understand speech. It also helps in usage of correct words to express our thoughts. It is the sensory speech area located in the parietal and temporal lobe.

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Wernicke's area?

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Vollentary movement in frontal lobe

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Motor cortex

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cortex that detects touch, pain, temperature, and pressure spatial processing (knowing around your house) sends info to thalamus

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sensory cortex

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link sensory input with stored memories learning, remembering, thinking, speaking

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association cortex

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brain function is the tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be more dominant in one hemisphere than the other Right brain processes creative thoughts Left brain processes math, and form language

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lateralization

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test that detects abnormalities in your brain waves, or in the electrical activity of your brain. During the procedure, electrodes consisting of small metal discs with thin wires are pasted onto your scalp. The electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of your brain cells.

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EEG

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is a test that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the body. In many cases, ____ gives different information about structures in the body than can be seen with an X-ray, ultrasound, or computed tomography (CT) scan.

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MRI

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is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled.

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fMRI

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scan is an imaging test that allows your doctor to check for diseases in your body. The scan uses a special dye that has radioactive tracers. These tracers are injected into a vein in your arm. Your organs and tissues then absorb the tracer

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PET

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is a lay term to describe the result when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to some degree. It is an association of symptoms produced by disruption of or interference with the connection between the hemispheres of the brain.

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Split brain

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brain's ability to change with experience

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Plasticity

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growth and development of neurons hippocampus area. olfactory bulb

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neurogenesis

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