question

self-concept

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sense of self; description and evaluative mental picture of one's abilities and traits - a "cognitive construction... a system of descriptive and evaluative representations about the self" that determines incorporation of self image into understanding how others see them comes into focus during toodlerhood when they discover self-awareness and dealing with developmental issues of childhood

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self definition

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the way children describe themselves; a cluster of tactics begins at ages 5-7 when children use: smart, dumb, recognize conflicting emotions with a positive self concept

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Neo-Piagetian description of self definition of 3 step shift in 5-7 year olds

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1. single representation 2. representational mapping 3. representational systems

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single representation

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children describe themselves in terms of individual, unconnected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms (can't be happy and scared)

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representational mapping

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making logical connections between one aspect of himself and another but still sees these characteristics in all-or-nothing terms (can't see how you're good at something and not something else)

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representational systems

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in middle childhood when children integrate specific features of the self into a general, multidimensional concept (I'm good at hockey but bad at math)

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impact of culture on self-defintion

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different cultural values influence the way children in each culture perceive and define themselves

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self-esteem

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evaluative part of self-concept: the judgement a person makes about his or her self-worth -most children wildly over estimate their abilities -self-esteem tends to be uni-diminsional - either believe they re all good or all bad

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self-concept

answer

...

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child's emotional understanding and emotion regulation in early childhood

answer

...

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erik erikson's third psychosocial stage

answer

...

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overall gender differences in EC

answer

...

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gender role

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behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex; differs for males and females

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gender stereotypes

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preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior

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gender-typing

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socialization process whereby children, at any early age, learn appropriate gender roles

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theoretical perspectives of gender development

answer

...

question

importance of play

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impact to health development of body and brain - engage with the world around them, use imagination, discover flexible ways to use objects and solve problems, preparing for adulthood

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four cognitive levels of play by Smilansky

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functional play constructive play dramatic play formal play

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functional play

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lowest cognitive level of play, involving repetitive muscular movements, also called locomotor play

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constructive play

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second level of play, involving use of objects of materials to make something; also called object play

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dramatic play

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play involving people or situations; also called fantasy play, pretend play or imaginative play

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formal games with rules

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organized games with know procedures and penalties

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6 categories by Parten

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unoccupied behavior onlooker behavior solitary independent play parallel play associative play cooperative or organized supplementary play

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unoccupied behavior

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the child does not seem to be playing but watches anything of momentary interest

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onlooker behavior

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child spends most of the time watching other children play. Talks to other children, asking questions or making suggestions, but does not enter into the play. Observes particular group rather than just where the excitement is

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Solitary independent play

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the child plays alone with toys that are different from those used by nearby children and makes no effort to get close to them

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Parallel play

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the child play independently but among the other children, playing with toys like those used by other children but not necessarily playing with them in the same way. Playing beside rather than with the others, the parallel player does not try to influence the other children's play

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Associative play

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The child plays with the other children, talking about their play, borrowing and lending toys and controlling who is allowed to enter the group. All children playing similarly if not identically, no division of labor and no organized goal. Each child act as they wish and more interested in being with other children than the activity itself

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Cooperative or organized supplementary play

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the child plays in a group organized for a goal - making something, playing a formal goal, or dramatic situation - 1 or 2 children control who belongs in group and activities. Children have different roles from division of labor

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gender segregation play

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tendency to select playmates of one's own gender

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discipline

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methods of molding children's character and teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior

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authoritarian parenting

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emphasizes control and obedience

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permissive parenting

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emphasizes self-expression and self-regulation

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authoritative parenting

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blending warmth and respect for child's

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other type

answer

...

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corporal punishment research

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can include spanking, hitting, slapping, punching, shaking - frequently used with children who are aggressive and hard to manage. Discipline becomes abusive when it results in injury

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Corporal punishment

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use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior

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psychological aggression

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verbal attack that may result in psychological harm

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inductive techniques

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disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child's sense of reason and fairness

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power assertion

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disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control

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withdrawal of love

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disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child

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prosocial behavior

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voluntary behavior intended to help others, positive actions

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instrumental aggression

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aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal 2.5-5 years old, struggling over toys and control of space - surfaces primarily during social play, children fight the most tend to be the most sociable and competent

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temperament

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children intensely emotional and low in self-control tend to express anger aggressively

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lacking definitions of aggression

answer

...

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influences of aggression

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genetic and environmental sources parental behaviors stressful and unstimulating home atmospheres exposure to violence

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fears commonly experienced in early childhood

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stem largely from intense fantasy life and tendency to confuse appearance with reality - more likely to be scared of something that looks scary than something that can cause actual harm to them

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sibling relationship contribution to to social development

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arguments among siblings joint dramatic play quality carries over to other relationships

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only child development

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child performs slightly better academically, higher self-esteem, have more time and attention from parents - few negative aspects

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dental health importance

answer

primary teeth all out around age 6 and are replaced by permanent teeth - averaging 4 teeth per year for 5 years

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middle childhood brain developments

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through not the amount of gray matter - but the pattern of development of prefrontal cortex

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children nutrition needs

answer

2,400 calories - 30% form fat, 10% of that saturated

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sleep patterns of children

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age 5 - 11 hours age 9 - 10 hours age 13 - 9 hour

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major gross motor mile stones of middle childhood

answer

...

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tough and tumble play

answer

vigorous play involving wrestling, hitting and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming helps muscle and skeleton development, offers aggression channeling and establishes dominance

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organized sports trends

answer

38% do sports outside of school 78% participate in unorganized sports

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obesity rates

answer

doubled in past 25 years - 50% of people are overweight in North and South America US: 17% obese, 16% overweight

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causes of obesity in children

answer

-inhereted tendencies and little exercise/poor diet -overweight parents -eating outside of the home leading to more calories consumed -more tv, less outside time

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acute medical conditions

answer

occasional illnesses that last a short time

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chronic medical conditions

answer

long-lasting or recurrent physical, developmental, behavioral and emotional conditions that require health services

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athsma

answer

chronic respiratory disease characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing - prevalence doubled and affects 13% of population

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diabetes

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one of most common childhood diseases - high levels of glucose in blood as result of defective insulin production, ineffective insulin action or both. Usually children get type 1 diabetes

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hypertension

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high blood pressure - "evolving epidemic" of cardiovascular risk - usually treated through weight loss, diet and exercise

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stuttering

answer

involuntary, frequent repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllables - neurological condition between ages 2 and 5

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body image

answer

descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one's appearance

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causes of death in middle childhood

answer

traffic accidents, drowning and burns

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Oppositional Defiant Disorder

answer

pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, and defiance

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Conduct Disorder

answer

repetitive persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others

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School phobia

answer

unrealistic fear of going to school, may be a form of separation anxiety disorder

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separation anxiety disorder

answer

condition involving excessive, prolonged anxiety concerning separation from people to whom a person is attached

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generalized anxiety disorder

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anxiety not focused on any single target

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childhood depression

answer

mood disorder character by such symptoms of prolonged sense of friendliness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthiness, weight change, physical complaints, and thoughts of death or suicide

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treatments for children psychologically

answer

individual psychotherapy - therapist sees troubled person one-on-one

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family therapy

answer

psychological treatment where a therapist sees the whole family together to analyze patterns of family functioning

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behavior therapy

answer

therapy that uses principles of learning theory to eliminate undesirable behaviors

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art therapy

answer

therapeutic approach that allows a person to express troubled feelings without words, using a variety of art materials and media

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play therapy

answer

therapeutic approach that uses play to help a child cope with emotional distress

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drug therapy

answer

administration of drugs to treat emotional disorders

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piagetian stage for 7-12 year olds

answer

concrete operations (where children develop logical but not abstract thinking)

question

spatial thinking

answer

able to use a map/mode lot search for hidden objects, give someone directions, estimate distances, find way home, judge time of distances

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cause and effect

answer

knows that physical attributes of objects on each side of a balance beam will affect the results but doesn't know which position and placement will make a difference

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categorization

answer

can sort objects into categories, like shape and color, and that subclasses have fewer members than the class itself

question

seriation and transitive inference

answer

can arrange a group of sticks in order from shortest to longest, insert intermediate sized stick into the proper place, knows if one stick is longer than the other that it's longer than the third

question

inductive and deductive reasoning

answer

can solve inductive and deductive problems and knows that inductive conclusions (based on particuar premises) are less certain that deductive ones (on general premises)

question

inductive reasoning

answer

type of logical reasoning that moves from particular observations about members of a class to a general conclusion about that class

question

deductive reasoning

answer

type of logical reasoning that moves a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member or members of the class

question

conservation

answer

knowing at 7 that a ball can be rolled into a log and have the same amount of clay - at 9 knowing it weights the same amount too but not knowing that it has the same water displacement

question

stages of moral reasoning

answer

...

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selective attention

answer

the ability to deliberately direct one's attention and shut out distractions - may hinge on the executive skill of inhibitory control (the voluntary suppression of unwanted responses)

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mnemonic strategies

answer

aids in remembering the order of operations in solving things. A strategy to aid in memory

question

external memory aids

answer

mnemonic strategies using something outside the person

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rehearsal

answer

mnemonic strategy to keep an item in working memory through conscious repetition

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organization

answer

mnemonic strategy of categorizing material to be remembered

question

elaboration

answer

mnemonic strategy of making mental associations involving items to be remembered

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psychometrics

answer

a branch of psychology involved in the quantitative measurement of psychological variables - huge impact on intelligence and is used to measure intelligence

question

IQ controversy

answer

o Positive: have been standardized and widely used and has extensive information on their norms, validity, and reliability. Middle childhood test are fairly accurate and are most reliable in preschool years. o Negative: say tests underestimate the intelligence of children who are in ill health, tired, or for one reason or another, do not do well on tests. Timed tests so associate intelligence with speed - appropriateness of diagnosing learning disabilities has been questioned

question

influences of intelligence

answer

heredity and environment o influences: genes and brain development, schooling, race/ethnicity, culture

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gardener's theory of multiple intelligence

answer

eight distinct forms of intellgence

question

linguistic

answer

ability to use and understand words and nuances of meaning writing, editing, translating

question

logical-mathematical

answer

ability to manipulate numbers and solve logical problems science, business, medicine

question

spatial

answer

ability to find one's way around in an environment and judge relationships between objects in space architecture, carpentry and city planning

question

musical

answer

ability yo perceive and create patterns of pitch and rhythm musical composition, conducting

question

bodily-kinesthetic

answer

ability to move with precision dancing, athletics, surgery

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interpersonal

answer

ability to understand and communicate with others teaching, acting, politics

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intrapersonal

answer

ability to understanding the self counseling, psychiatry, spiritual leadership

question

naturalist

answer

ability to distinguish species and their characteristics hunting, fishing, gardening, cooking

question

Three elements of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intellgence

answer

componential element experiential element contextual element

question

componential element

answer

analytic aspect of intelligence (determines how efficiently people process information) Tells people how to solve problems, monitor solutions, and evaluate results

question

experiental element

answer

insightful aspect of intelligence - determines how people approach novel or familiar tasks, allows people to compare new information with what they already know and to come up with new ways of putting factors together

question

contextual element

answer

practical aspect of intelligence - determines how people deal with their environment. Ability to size a situation and decided what to do. Person may adapt to situation, change it, or get out of it.

question

tactic knowledge

answer

information that isn't formally taught or openly expressed but is necessary to get ahead

question

syntax

answer

the deep underlying structure of language that organizes words into understandable phrases and sentences

question

social context of language

answer

includes conversational and narrative skills

question

english-immersion approach

answer

approach to teaching English as a second language in which instruction is presented only in English

question

bilingual approach

answer

System of teaching non-English speaking children int their native language while they learn English and later switching to all-English instruction

question

two way (dual-language) learning

answer

Approach to second-language education in which English speaking learn together in their own and each other's languages

question

decoding

answer

process of phonetic analysis by which a printed word is converted to spoken form before retrieval from long-term memory

question

phonetics

answer

approach to reading that emphasizes decoding unfamiliar words - child sounds out word, translating it from print to speech before retrieving it from long-term memory. Must master phonetic code matching printed alphabet to spoken sounds

question

whole-language approach

answer

approach to teaching reading that emphasized visual retrieval and use of contextual clues. Supports idea that children can learn to read and write naturally, much as they learn to understand and use speech.

question

visually based retrieval

answer

child simply looks at the word and then retrieves it. Tends to involve real literature and open-ended, student-initiated activities

question

metacognition

answer

involves thinking about thinking. Involves awareness of one's own thinking processes and thus can help children monitor their understanding of what they read and develop strategies to address challenges (example: may reread difficult passages, read slowly, visualize information and think of additional examples)

question

Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory as it applies to school success

answer

in addition to children's own characteristics, each level of the context of their lives influences how well they do in school - from immediate family, to the classroom, to messages from peers and culture as a whole

question

influences on school achievement

answer

self-efficacy beliefs, gender, parenting practices, socioeconomic status, peer acceptance, education system

question

homework views

answer

o positive: disciplines the mind, develops good work habits, improves retention, enables students to cover more ground than they could in the classroom alone, also increases parental involvement o negative: leads to boredom, anxiety/frustration, unnecessary pressure, discourages intrinsic motivation and usurps time from other worthwhile activities

question

intellectual disability

answer

significantly subnormal cognitive functioning - also referred to as cognitive disability or mental retardation

question

learning disability

answer

disorders that interfere with specific aspects of learning and school achievement

question

ADHD

answer

the most common learning disabilities

question

Dyslexia

answer

development disorder where reading achievement is lower than predicted by IQ or age

question

Individuals with Disabilities Education act

answer

14% of US kids receive this. Ensures a free, appropriate public education for all children with disabilities

question

Gifted student identification

answer

Tends to excluse highly creative children, children from minority groups, and children with specific aptitudes • Sometimes based off of all: test scores, grades, classroom performance, creative production, parent

question

creativity

answer

the ability to see things in a new light - to produce something never seen before or to discern problems others tail to recognize and find new and unusual solutions • usually involves divergent thinking: thinking that produces a variety of fresh, diverse possibilities

question

academic intellgence

answer

measures: • cognitive thinking - aimed at finding the one right answer to a problem

question

enrichment

answer

broadens and deepends knowledge and skills through extra activities, projects, field trips and mentoring

question

acceleration

answer

moves them through the curriculum at an unusually rapid pace

question

Erikson's psychosocial stage in middle childhood

answer

the developing self - enables children to develop more complex concepts of themselves and to grow in emotional understsanding and control

question

benefits of family meal time

answer

o Promotion of language development, reduced risk of eating disorders, reduced risk for substance abuse, increased awareness of cultural traditions, fewer emotional problems

question

internalizing behaviors

answer

behaviors by which emotional problems are turned inward; for example, anxiety or depression

question

externalizing behaviors

answer

behaviors by which a child acts out emotional difficulties; for example, aggression or hostility

question

coregulation and effects on discipline

answer

o transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment regulation • affected by overall parent-chlid relationship. Basically training children to know that they "know better"

question

poverty statistics

answer

22% of US live in poverty

question

divorced parents

answer

1/3 of all children's parents

question

importance of fathering

answer

Frequent and positive involvement from infancy is directly related to a child's well being and physical, cognitive and social development. 1/3 children live in a home without a biological father

question

cooperative parenting

answer

active consultation between a mother and nonresident father on parenting decisions

question

US adoptive trends

answer

2.5% of US children lived with at least one adoptive parent. Usually positive.

question

peer relations effects

answer

o positive: develop skills needed for sociability and intimacy and gain a sense of belonging. Motivated to achieve, attain a sense of identity, learn leadership and communication skills, roles and rules o negative: may reinforce prejudice (unfavorable attitudes towards "outsiders" especially of other races and ethnic groups) Discrimination, and antisocial tendencies.

question

boy peer groups

answer

pursue gender-typed activities - large groups with well-defined leadership hierarchies and engage in more competitive and rough-and-tumble play.

question

girl peer groups

answer

more intimate conversations by prosocial interactions and shared confidences. More likely to engage in cross-gender activities

question

selman's stages of friendship

answer

o Ages 3-7: Undifferentiated level of friendship, where they value their friends on selfish, concrete criteria, like what toys they have or what they look like o Ages 4-9: Unilateral stage - friendship based off of self interest and what a friend can do for a child o Ages 6-12: Children are starting to engage in reciprocal friendships but are primarily concerned with their own interests o Ages 9-15: Mutual stage of friendships, true friendships, which include commitment and reciprocity, begin

question

instrumental aggression

answer

aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal

question

hostile aggression

answer

aggressive behavior intended to hurt another person

question

Social Information Procession understanding of aggression

answer

What features of the social environment they pay attention to and how they interpret what they perceive

question

bullying

answer

aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target, or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable and defenseless

question

reactive

answer

responding to real or imagined attack

question

proactive

answer

done to show dominance, bolster power or win admiration

question

cyber bullying

answer

- posting negative comments or derogatory photos of the victim on a Web site

question

risk factors of victimization

answer

Victims do not fit in. Anxious, depressed, cautious, quiet and submissive and cry easily. Few friends and have harsh, punitive family environment

question

"hurried child"

answer

o The pressure of modern life are forcing children to grow up too soon and asking their lives too stressful

question

resilient child characteristics

answer

Children who weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events

question

2 protective factors that help children overcome stress

answer

Help children and adolescents overcomes stress and contribute to resilience: good family relationships and cognitive functioning

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